SUGGESTED READINGS FOR NON-PROFESSIONALS.

These are included to assist the non-specialist reader in finding independent discussions of the topics raised in this book. Most articles are taken from Scientific American post-1948 issues, which have recently been made available online as a consequence of the magazine’s purchase by Nature Publishing Group. The majority of the articles cited may not directly address points made in the text, but they are included because they provide important context and background. Many of the more recent articles explicitly or implicitly exemplify the contemporary cognitive and informatic perspective advocated in the book. For specialized terms that are unfamiliar, the reader is advised to consult Wikipedia.

• Scientific American articles can be accessed from the archive at http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/archive/index.html

• Stephen J. Gould’s articles on evolution are available at http://www.stephenjaygould.org/

• Complete works of Darwin available at http://darwin-online.org.uk/ .

INTRODUCTION READINGS:

The traditional perspective:

• UC Berkeley Museum Paleontology website, History of Evolutionary Thought (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/evothought.html )

• Origin of Species, Chapter 4 (http://darwin-online.org.uk/)

• Maupertuis, a Forgotten Genius H. Bentley Glass

Scientific American 193, 100-111 (October 1955) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1055-100

• The Origin of Darwinism C. D. Darlington

Scientific American 200, 60-66 (May 1959) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0559-60

• Evolution Ernst Mayr

Scientific American 239, 46-55 (September 1978) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0978-46

• The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution Motoo Kimura

Scientific American 241, 98-126 (November 1979) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1179-98

· The Lunar Society of Birmingham Lord Ritchie-Calder

Scientific American 246, 136-145 (June 1982) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0682-136

• The Evolution of Darwinism G. Ledyard Stebbins, Francisco J. Ayala

Scientific American 253, 72-82 (July 1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0785-72

• Archaeopteryx Peter Wellnhofer

Scientific American 262, 70-77 (May 1990) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0590-70

• The Genes of Men and Molds George W. Beadle

Scientific American 179, 30-39 (September 1948) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0948-30

• The Genetic Basis of Evolution Theodosius Dobzhansky

Scientific American 182, 32-41 (January 1950) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0150-32

• Genetics Theodosius Dobzhansky

Scientific American 183, 55-58 (September 1950) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0950-55

• Evolution Observed Francis J. Ryan

Scientific American 189, 78-82 (October 1953) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1053-78

• The Structure of the Hereditary Material F. H. C. Crick

Scientific American 191, 54-61 (October 1954) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1054-54

• Information Transfer in the Living Cell George Gamow

Scientific American 193, 70-78 (October 1955) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1055-70

• The Gene Norman H. Horowitz

Scientific American 195, 78-91 (October 1956) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1056-78

• Nucleic Acids F. H. C. Crick

Scientific American 197, 188-203 (September 1957) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0957-188

• How do Genes Act? Vernon M. Ingram

Scientific American 198, 68-74 (January 1958) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0158-68

• Innovation in Biology George Wald

Scientific American 199, 100-115 (September 1958) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0958-100

• The Genetic Code F. H. C. Crick

Scientific American 207, 66-77 (October 1962) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1062-66

• Ionizing Radiation and Evolution James F. Crow

Scientific American 201, 138-160 (September 1959) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0959-138

• The Genetic Code: II Marshall W. Nirenberg

Scientific American 208, 80-95 (March 1963) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0363-80

• The Genetic Code: III F. H. C. Crick

Scientific American 215, 55-62 (October 1966) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1066-55

· Evolution Ernst Mayr

Scientific American 239, 46-55 (September 1978) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0978-46

• The Evolution of Multicellular Plants and Animals James W. Valentine

Scientific American 239, 140-158 (September 1978) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0978-140

• An Early Habitat of Life David I. Groves, John S. R. Dunlop, Roger Buick

Scientific American 245, 64-73 (October 1981) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1081-64

• The Molecular Basis of Evolution Allan C. Wilson

Scientific American 253, 164-173 (October 1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1085-164

• The Emergence of Animals Mark A. S. McMenamin

Scientific American 256, 94-102 (April 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0487-94

• From Atoms to Traits David M. Kingsley

Scientific American 300, 52-59 (January 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0109-52

• Evolution Encoded Stephen J. Freeland, Laurence D. Hurst

Scientific American 290, 84-91 (April 2004) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0404-84

Human Evolution:

What Will Become of Homo Sapiens? Peter Ward

Scientific American 300, 68-73 (January 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0109-68

Sculpting the Brain Claus C. Hilgetag, Helen Barbas

Scientific American 300, 66-71 (February 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0209-66

Nothing Special John Rennie

Scientific American 300, 8-9 (April 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0409-8

The Evolution of Primate Color Vision Gerald H. Jacobs, Jeremy Nathans

Scientific American 300, 56-63 (April 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0409-56

Taming the Urge to War John Horgan

Scientific American 300, 16-17 (May 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0509-16

What Makes Us Human? Katherine S. Pollard

Scientific American 300, 44-49 (May 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0509-44

The Taming of the Cat Carlos A. Driscoll, Juliet Clutton-Brock, Andrew C. Kitchener, Stephen J. O'Brien

Scientific American 300, 68-75 (June 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0609-68

Origins of the Left & Right Brain Peter F. MacNeilage, Lesley J. Rogers, Giorgio Vallortigara

Scientific American 301, 60-67 (July 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0709-60

Twilight of the Neandertals Kate Wong

Scientific American 301, 32-37 (August 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0809-32

Origin of the Mind Marc Hauser

Scientific American 301, 44-51 (September 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0909-44

Rethinking the Hobbits of Indonesia Kate Wong

Scientific American 301, 66-73 (November 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1109-66

The Naked Truth Nina G. Jablonski

Scientific American 302, 42-49 (February 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0210-42

Human Uniqueness and the Future Lawrence M. Krauss

Scientific American 302, 36-36 (May 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0510-36

Fossils of Our Family Kate Wong

Scientific American 302, 12-14 (June 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0610-12

Our Inner Neandertal Kate Wong

Scientific American 303, 18-20 (July 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0710-18

Our Neandertal Brethren Michael Shermer

Scientific American 303, 34-34 (August 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0810-34

When the Sea Saved Humanity Curtis W. Marean

Scientific American 303, 54-61 (August 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0810-54

How We Are Evolving Jonathan K. Pritchard

Scientific American 303, 40-47 (October 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1010-40 Feature

Heredity outside the genome:

• Partner of the Genes T. M. Sonneborn

Scientific American 183, 30-39 (November 1950) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1150-30

http://www.nature.com /scientificamerican/journal/v183/n5/pdf/scientificamerican1150-30.pdf

• Prions Stanley B. Prusiner

Scientific American 251, 50-59 (October 1984) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1084-50

New conceptual approaches:

• Cybernetics Norbert Wiener

Scientific American 179, 14-19 (November 1948) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1148-14

• How Cells Respond to Stress William J. Welch

Scientific American 268, 56-64 (May 1993) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0593-56

shapiro.html )

• Swarm Smarts Eric Bonabeau, Guy Théraulaz

Scientific American 282, 72-79 (March 2000) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0300-72

• Swarm Smarts Eric Bonabeau, Guy Théraulaz

Scientific American 18, 40-47 (February 2008) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0208-40sp

• Protein-Based Computers Robert R. Birge

Scientific American 272, 90-95 (March 1995) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0395-90

• Computing with Molecules Mark A. Reed, James M. Tour

Scientific American 282, 86-93 (June 2000) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0600-86

• Cybernetic Cells W. Wayt Gibbs

Scientific American 285, 52-57 (August 2001) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0801-52

• Engineering Life: Building a FAB for Biology David Baker, George Church, Jim Collins, Drew Endy, Joseph Jacobson, Jay Keasling, Paul Modrich, Christina Smolke, Ron Weiss Scientific American 294, 44-51 (June 2006) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0606-44

• Machine Self-awareness Larry Greenemeier

Scientific American 302, 44-45 (June 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0610-44

PART I READINGS:

• How E. Coli Chooses The Best Sugar To Eat.

• Viruses and Genes François Jacob, Elie L. Wollman

Scientific American 204, 92-110 (June 1961) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0661-92

• The Control of Biochemical Reactions Jean-Pierre Changeux

Scientific American 212, 36-45 (April 1965) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0465-36

(Allosteric interactions)

• Protein Shape and Biological Control Daniel E. Koshland

Scientific American 229, 52-64 (October 1973) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1073-52

(Allosteric interactions)

• Genetic Repressors Mark Ptashne, Walter Gilbert

Scientific American 222, 36-44 (June 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0670-36

• “Second Messengers” in the Brain James A. Nathanson, Paul Greengard

Scientific American 237, 108-119 (August 1977) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0877-108

• The Cycling of Calcium as an Intracellular Messenger Howard Rasmussen

Scientific American 261, 66-73 (October 1989) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1089-66

• Biological Roles of Nitric Oxide Solomon H. Snyder, David S. Bredt

Scientific American 266, 68-77 (May 1992) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0592-68

• Proofreading DNA Replication.

• The High Fidelity of DNA Duplication Miroslav Radman, Robert Wagner

Scientific American 259, 40-46 (August 1988) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0888-40

• Fuzzy Logic Bart Kosko, Satoru Isaka

Scientific American 269, 76-81 (July 1993) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0793-76

• DNA Damage Repair And Mutagenesis.

• Ionizing Radiation and the Living Cell Alexander Hollaender, George E. Stapleton

Scientific American 201, 94-100 (September 1959) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0959-94

• Ultraviolet Radiation and Nucleic Acid R. A. Deering

Scientific American 207, 135-145 (December 1962) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1262-135

• The Repair of DNA Philip C. Hanawalt, Robert H. Haynes

Scientific American 216, 36-43 (February 1967) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0267-36

• Bacterial Tests for Potential Carcinogens Raymond Devoret

Scientific American 241, 40-49 (August 1979) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0879-40

• Inducible Repair of DNA Paul Howard-Flanders

Scientific American 245, 72-80 (November 1981) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1181-72

• Sunlight and Skin Cancer David J. Leffell, Douglas E. Brash

Scientific American 275, 52-59 (July 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0796-52

• Cell Cycle Checkpoints.

• What Controls the Cell Cycle Andrew W. Murray, Marc W. Kirschner

Scientific American 264, 56-63 (March 1991) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0391-56

• Robert A. Weinberg

Scientific American 275, 62-70 (September 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0996-62

• From The Cell Surface To The Genome.

• How Cells Receive Stimuli William H. Miller, Floyd Ratliff, H. K. Hartline

Scientific American 205, 222-239 (September 1961) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0961-222

• Pheromones Edward O. Wilson

Scientific American 208, 100-114 (May 1963) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0563-100

• Sex Differences in Cells Ursula Mittwoch

Scientific American 209, 54-63 (July 1963) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0763-54

• How Slime Molds Communicate John Tyler Bonner

Scientific American 209, 84-93 (August 1963) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0863-84

• The Molecular Basis of Communication within the Cell Michael J. Berridge

Scientific American 253, 142-152 (October 1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1085-142

• Cell Communication: The Inside Story John D. Scott, Tony Pawson

Scientific American 282, 72-79 (June 2000) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0600-72

• The Role Of Intercellular Signals In The Cell Death Decision.

• How Cancer Arises Robert A. Weinberg

Scientific American 275, 62-70 (September 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0996-62

• Cell Suicide in Health and Disease Richard C. Duke, David M. Ojcius, John Ding-E Young Scientific American 275, 80-87 (December 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1296-80

(apoptosis)

• Revisiting the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.

• Crick F: Central dogma of molecular biology. Nature 1970, 227:561-563. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5258/abs/227561a0.html

• Collective Computation in Neuronlike Circuits David W. Tank, John J. Hopfield

Scientific American 257, 104-114 (December 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1287-104

• Scale-Free Networks Albert-László Barabási, Eric Bonabeau

Scientific American 288, 60-69 (May 2003) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-60

• At the Edge of Life's Code Thania Benios

Scientific American 298, 106-109 (April 2008) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0408-106

(Chris Wiggins and computational modeling of cell responses)

PART II READINGS:

• Genome Formatting For Properly Accessing Stored Information.

• Transcription, translation and other cell process videos http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/2010/02/27/transcription-and-translation-ahl/

• A DNA Operator-Repressor System Tom Maniatis, Mark Ptashne

Scientific American 234, 64-76 (January 1976) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0176-64

• A Genetic Switch in a Bacterial Virus Mark Ptashne, Alexander D. Johnson, Carl O. Pabo

Scientific American 247, 128-141 (November 1982) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1182-128

• Split Genes Pierre Chambon

Scientific American 244, 60-71 (May 1981) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0581-60

• Light Switches for Plant Genes Phyllis B. Moses, Nam-Hai Chua

Scientific American 258, 88-93 (April 1988) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0488-88

• How Gene Activators Work Mark Ptashne

Scientific American 260, 40-47 (January 1989) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0189-40

• Smart Genes Tim Beardsley

Scientific American 265, 86-95 (August 1991) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0891-86

• Molecular Machines that Control Genes Robert Tjian

Scientific American 272, 54-61 (February 1995) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0295-54

• The Alternative Genome Gil Ast

Scientific American 292, 58-65 (April 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0405-58

(multiple proteins from a single genetic locus)

• The Power of Riboswitches Jeffrey E. Barrick, Ronald R. Breaker

Scientific American 296, 50-57 (January 2007) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0107-50

• Natalie Angier: Scientists and Philosophers Find That ‘Gene’ Has a Multitude of Meanings. NYTimes. November 11, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/science/11angi.html?_r=3&sq=RNA%20genes&st=cse&scp=2&pagewanted=print

• Nicholas Wade. From One Genome, Many Types of Cells. But How? NYT February 24, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/science/24chromatin.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&ref=science

• The Price of Silent Mutations J. V. Chamary, Laurence D. Hurst

Scientific American 300, 46-53 (June 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0609-46

• Nuclear Architecture Melinda Wenner

Scientific American 301, 20-22 (October 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1009-20

(importance of nuclear localization)

The Inner Life of the Genome Tom Misteli Scientific American 304, 66-73 (18 January 2011) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0211-66 (nuclear organization)

• Genome Compaction, Chromatin Formatting And Epigenetic Regulation.

• How do Cells Differentiate? C. H. Waddington

Scientific American 189, 108-116 (September 1953) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0953-108

• Experiments in Acquired Characteristics C. H. Waddington

Scientific American 189, 92-99 (December 1953) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1253-92

• Chromosomal Proteins and Gene Regulation Gary S. Stein, Janet Swinehart Stein, Lewis J. Kleinsmith Scientific American 232, 46-60 (February 1975) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0275-46

• The Nucleosome Roger D. Kornberg, Aaron Klug

Scientific American 244, 52-64 (February 1981) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0281-52

• A Different Kind of Inheritance Robin Holliday

Scientific American 260, 60-73 (June 1989) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0689-60

• Parental Imprinting of Genes Carmen Sapienza

Scientific American 263, 52-60 (October 1990) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1090-52

• Histones as Regulators of Genes Michael Grunstein

Scientific American 267, 68-74 (October 1992) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1092-68

• Censors of the Genome Nelson C. Lau, David P. Bartel

Scientific American 289, 34-41 (August 2003) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0803-34

(RNAi)

• The Hidden Genetic Program of Complex Organisms John S. Mattick

Scientific American 291, 60-67 (October 2004) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1004-60

(regulatory RNAs)

• The Unseen Genome: Beyond DNA W. Wayt Gibbs

Scientific American 289, 106-113 (December 2003) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1203-106

(epigenetics)

• David Shenk. 7/23/2009. How Genes Really Work. The Atlantic. (epigenetics commentary) http://correspondents.theatlantic.com/david_shenk/2009/07/how_genes_really_work.php

• Genome Formatting For Replication And Transmission To Daughter Cells.

• Mitosis videos: http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/2007/09/24/the-cell-cycle-mitosis/

• Cell Division Daniel Mazia

Scientific American 189, 53-63 (August 1953) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0853-53

• The Cell Cycle Daniel Mazia

Scientific American 230, 54-64 (January 1974) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0174-54 Article

· How Cells Divide Daniel Mazia

Scientific American 205, 100-121 (September 1961) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0961-100

• Artificial Chromosomes Andrew W. Murray, Jack W. Szostak

Scientific American 257, 62-68 (November 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1187-62

• The Mitotic Spindle J. Richard McIntosh, Kent L. McDonald

Scientific American 261, 48-56 (October 1989) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1089-48

• The Human Telomere Robert K. Moyzis

Scientific American 265, 48-55 (August 1991) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0891-48

• The Centrosome David M. Glover, Cayetano Gonzalez, Jordan W. Raff

Scientific American 268, 62-68 (June 1993) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0693-62

• Telomeres, Telomerase and Cancer Carol W. Greider, Elizabeth H. Blackburn

Scientific American 274, 92-97 (February 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0296-92

• Distinct Classes Of DNA In The Genome.

• Repeated Segments of DNA Roy J. Britten, David E. Kohne

Scientific American 222, 24-31 (April 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0470-24

• DNA Microsatellites: Agents of Evolution? E. Richard Moxon, Christopher Wills

Scientific American 280, 94-99 (January 1999) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0199-94

• Olivia Judson blog: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/01/a-random-analysis/

• The Unseen Genome: Gems among the Junk W. Wayt Gibbs

Scientific American 289, 46-53 (November 2003) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1103-46

(importance of “non-coding” DNA)

• The Molecular Mechanisms Of Natural Genetic Engineering.

• A Versatile Virus Karl Maramorosch

Scientific American 188, 78-86 (June 1953) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0653-78

– virus multiplies in plant and in insect vector

• Friendly Viruses Karl Maramorosch

Scientific American 203, 138-144 (August 1960) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0860-138

• The Life Cycle of a Virus André Lwoff

Scientific American 190, 34-37 (March 1954) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0354-34

• How Viruses Insert their DNA into the DNA of the Host Cell Allan M. Campbell

Scientific American 235, 102-113 (December 1976) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1276-102

• RNA-Directed DNA Synthesis Howard M. Temin

Scientific American 226, 24-33 (January 1972) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0172-24

• Transposable Genetic Elements Stanley N. Cohen, James A. Shapiro

Scientific American 242, 40-49 (February 1980) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0280-40

• How an Animal Virus Gets into and out of its Host Cell Kai Simons, Henrik Garoff, Ari Helenius Scientific American 246, 58-66 (February 1982) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0282-58

• Transposable Genetic Elements in Maize Nina V. Fedoroff

Scientific American 250, 84-99 (June 1984) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0684-84

• Reverse Transcription Harold Varmus

Scientific American 257, 56-64 (September 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0987-56

• Are Viruses Alive? Luis P. Villarreal

Scientific American 291, 100-105 (December 2004) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1204-100

• The Real Life of Pseudogenes Mark Gerstein, Deyou Zheng

Scientific American 295, 48-55 (August 2006) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0806-48

• Ancient Gene, New Tricks Christine Soares

Scientific American 299, 24-26 (July 2008) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0708-24

(resurrected transposon as transgenic vector)

• Natural Genetic Engineering As Part Of The Normal Life-Cycle.

• How the Trypanosome Changes its Coat John E. Donelson, Mervyn J. Turner

Scientific American 252, 44-51 (February 1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0285-44

• Genetic Recombination Franklin W. Stahl

Scientific American 256, 90-101 (February 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0287-90

Ciliate macronucleus development:

• Olivia Judson blog on genome change: “Unorthodox” http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/unorthodox/ (ciliates)

ScienceDaily (May 21, 2009) 'Junk' DNA Has Important Role, Researchers Find. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090520140408.htm

Developmental, Cell and Molecular Biology of the Adaptive Immune System:

• How Antibodies are Made Sir Macfarlane Burnet

Scientific American 191, 74-78 (November 1954) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1154-74

• The Specificity of Antibodies S. J. Singer

Scientific American 197, 99-107 (October 1957) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1057-99

• The Mechanism of Immunity Sir Macfarlane Burnet

Scientific American 204, 58-67 (January 1961) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0161-58

• The Thymus Gland Sir Macfarlane Burnet

Scientific American 207, 50-57 (November 1962) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1162-50

• How Cells Attack Antigens Robert S. Speirs

Scientific American 210, 58-64 (February 1964) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0264-58

• How Cells Make Antibodies G. J. V. Nossal

Scientific American 211, 106-115 (December 1964) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1264-106

• The Structure of Antibodies R. R. Porter

Scientific American 217, 81-90 (October 1967) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1067-81

• The Structure and Function of Antibodies Gerald M. Edelman

Scientific American 223, 34-42 (August 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0870-34

• The Immune System Niels Kaj Jerne

Scientific American 229, 52-60 (July 1973) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0773-52

• The Complement System Manfred M. Mayer

Scientific American 229, 54-66 (November 1973) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1173-54

• The Development of the Immune System Max D. Cooper, Alexander R. Lawton

Scientific American 231, 58-72 (November 1974) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1174-58

• The Antibody Combining Site J. Donald Capra, Allen B. Edmundson

Scientific American 236, 50-59 (January 1977) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0177-50

• Monoclonal Antibodies Cesar Milstein

Scientific American 243, 66-75 (October 1980) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1080-66

• The Genetics of Antibody Diversity Philip Leder

Scientific American 246, 102-115 (May 1982) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0582-102

• The Molecules of the Immune System Susumu Tonegawa

Scientific American 253, 122-131 (October 1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1085-122

• The T Cell and its Receptor Philippa Marrack, John Kappler

Scientific American 254, 36-45 (February 1986) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0286-36

• Anti-Idiotypes and Immunity Ronald C. Kennedy, Joseph L. Melnick, Gordon R. Dreesman

Scientific American 255, 48-56 (July 1986) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0786-48

• The Clonal-Selection Theory Gordon L. Ada, Sir Gustav Nossal

Scientific American 257, 62-69 (August 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0887-62

• Catalytic Antibodies Richard A. Lerner, Alfonso Tramontano

Scientific American 258, 58-70 (March 1988) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0388-58

• How T Cells see Antigen Howard M. Grey, Alessandro Sette, Søren Buus

Scientific American 261, 56-64 (November 1989) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1189-56

• Life, Death and the Immune System Gustav J. V. Nossal

Scientific American 269, 52-62 (September 1993) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0993-52

• How the Immune System Develops Irving L. Weissman, Max D. Cooper

Scientific American 269, 64-71 (September 1993) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0993-64

• Sharks and the Origins of Vertebrate Immunity Gary W. Litman

Scientific American 275, 67-71 (November 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1196-67

• Immunity and the Invertebrates Gregory Beck, Gail S. Habicht

Scientific American 275, 60-66 (November 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1196-60

• The Long Arm of the Immune System Jacques Banchereau

Scientific American 287, 52-59 (November 2002) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1102-52

• Immunity's Early-Warning System Luke A. J. O'Neill

Scientific American 292, 38-45 (January 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0105-38

• Peacekeepers of the Immune System Zoltan Fehervari, Shimon Sakaguchi

Scientific American 295, 56-63 (October 2006) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1006-56

• Cellular Regulation Of Natural Genetic Engineering.

• Hungry to Evolve? John Rennie

Scientific American 261, 20-22 (November 1989) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1189-20b

(Adaptive mutation)

• DNA's New Twists John Rennie

Scientific American 266, 122-132 (March 1993) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0393-122

• Evolution Encoded Stephen J. Freeland, Laurence D. Hurst

Scientific American 290, 84-91 (April 2004) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0404-84

(stress-stimulated genome change)

PART III READINGS:

• Antibiotic Resistance And Horizontal DNA Transfer.

• Sexuality in Bacteria Elie L. Wollman, François Jacob

Scientific American 195, 109-118 (July 1956) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0756-109

• Transformed Bacteria Rollin D. Hotchkiss, Esther Weiss

Scientific American 195, 48-53 (November 1956) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1156-48

• “Transduction” in Bacteria Norton D. Zinder

Scientific American 199, 38-43 (November 1958) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1158-38

• Antibiotics and the Genetic Code Luigi Gorini

Scientific American 214, 102-109 (April 1966) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0466-102

• Infectious Drug Resistance Tsutomu Watanabe

Scientific American 217, 19-27 (December 1967) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1267-19

• Cellular Factors in Genetic Transformation Alexander Tomasz

Scientific American 220, 38-44 (January 1969) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0169-38

• The Molecule of Infectious Drug Resistance Royston C. Clowes

Scientific American 228, 18-27 (April 1973) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0473-18

• Plasmids Richard P. Novick

Scientific American 243, 102-127 (December 1980) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1280-102

• The Beta-Lactam Antibiotics E. P. Abraham

Scientific American 244, 76-86 (June 1981) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0681-76

• A Vector for Introducing New Genes into Plants Mary-Dell Chilton

Scientific American 248, 50-59 (June 1983) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0683-50

• Trans-Kingdom Sex J.H.

Scientific American 261, 34-35 (October 1989) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1089-34

• Bacterial Gene Swapping in Nature Robert V. Miller

Scientific American 278, 66-71 (January 1998) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0198-66

• The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance Stuart B. Levy

Scientific American 278, 46-53 (March 1998) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0398-46

• Uprooting the Tree of Life W. Ford Doolittle

Scientific American 282, 90-95 (February 2000) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90

• David Biello. November 21, 2005. Gene Swapping Helps Bacteria Adapt. Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=gene-swapping-helps-bacte

• New Tactics Against Tuberculosis Clifton E. Barry III, Maija S. Cheung

Scientific American 300, 62-69 (March 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0309-62

• Olivia Judson blog on horizontal transfer: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/gene-trafficking/

• Bob Holmes. Augusr 31, 2009. Dangerous Liasons. New Scientist. – horizontal transfer by hybridization http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17523585.700

• The Modular And Duplicative Nature Of Protein Evolution.

• POU! Goes the Homeobox John Benditt

Scientific American 260, 20-22 (February 1989) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0289-20

• Evolutionarily Mobile Modules in Proteins Russell F. Doolittle, Peer Bork

Scientific American 269, 50-56 (October 1993) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1093-50

• Molecular Zippers in Gene Regulation Steven Lanier McKnight

Scientific American 264, 54-64 (April 1991) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0491-54

• Nucleic Acid Sequencing, Molecular Taxonomy And The Discovery Of A New Cell Type.

• The Nucleotide Sequence of a Nucleic Acid Robert W. Holley

Scientific American 214, 30-39 (February 1966) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0266-30

• Archaebacteria Carl R. Woese

Scientific American 244, 98-122 (June 1981) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0681-98

• The Ribosome James A. Lake

Scientific American 245, 84-97 (August 1981) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0881-84

· Reconstructing Bird Phylogeny by Comparing DNA's Charles G. Sibley, Jon E. Ahlquist

Scientific American 254, 82-92 (February 1986) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0286-82

• Deciphering the Code of Life Francis S. Collins, Karin G. Jegalian

Scientific American 281, 86-91 (December 1999) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1299-86

• Lean Gene Machine Steven Ashley

Scientific American 293, 26-28 (December 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-26

(Pelagibacter streamlined genome)

• Sequencing Sea World Christina Reed

Scientific American 295, 23-24 (August 2006) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0806-23

(metagenomics)

• Cell Evolution: Mutalism, Parasitism, Pathogenesis, Endosymbiosis, Bacterial Multicellularity, Symbiogenesis And The Origin Of Eukaryotic Cells.

• Powerhouse of the Cell Philip Siekevitz

Scientific American 197, 131-144 (July 1957) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0757-131

• Biological Oxidation David E. Green

Scientific American 199, 56-62 (July 1958) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0758-56

• Insects and Plant Galls William Hovanitz

Scientific American 201, 151-162 (November 1959) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1159-151

• Lichens I. Mackenzie Lamb

Scientific American 201, 144-156 (October 1959) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1059-144

• The Fungi of Lichens Vernon Ahmadjian

Scientific American 208, 122-133 (February 1963) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0263-122

• The Mitochondrion David E. Green

Scientific American 210, 63-74 (January 1964) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0164-63

• Genes Outside the Chromosomes Ruth Sager

Scientific American 212, 70-79 (January 1965) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0165-70

• The Blue-Green Algae Patrick Echlin

Scientific American 214, 74-81 (June 1966) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0666-74

• The Fungus Gardens of Insects Suzanne W. T. Batra, Lekh R. Batra

Scientific American 217, 112-120 (November 1967) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1167-112

• The Membrane of the Mitochondrion Efraim Racker

Scientific American 218, 32-39 (February 1968) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0268-32

• Plants without Cellulose R. D. Preston

Scientific American 218, 102-108 (June 1968) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0668-102

• The Genetic Activity of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Ursula W. Goodenough, R. P. Levine Scientific American 223, 22-29 (November 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1170-22

• Symbiosis and Evolution Lynn Margulis

Scientific American 225, 48-57 (August 1971) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0871-48

• Giant Clams C. M. Yonge

Scientific American 232, 96-105 (April 1975) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0475-96

(algal symbionts)

• The Program of Fertilization David Epel

Scientific American 237, 128-138 (November 1977) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1177-128

• Mitochondrial DNA Leslie A. Grivell

Scientific American 248, 78-89 (March 1983) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0383-78

• The Oldest Eukaryotic Cells Gonzalo Vidal

Scientific American 250, 48-57 (February 1984) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0284-48

• Parasites that Change the Behavior of their Host Janice Moore

Scientific American 250, 108-115 (May 1984) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0584-108

• The First Organisms A. G. Cairns-Smith

Scientific American 252, 90-100 (June 1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0685-90

• Symbiosis in the Deep Sea James J. Childress, Horst Felbeck, George N. Somero

Scientific American 256, 115-120 (May 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0587-114

• Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms James A. Shapiro

Scientific American 258, 82-89 (June 1988) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0688-82

• How Plants Make Oxygen Govindjee, William J. Coleman

Scientific American 262, 50-58 (February 1990) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0290-50

• Seed Dispersal by Ants Steven N. Handel, Andrew J. Beattie

Scientific American 263, 76-83A (August 1990) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0890-76

• Proofreading Genes John Rennie

Scientific American 264, 28-32 (May 1991) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-28

• Living Together John Rennie

Scientific American 266, 122-133 (January 1992) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0192-122

• Singing Caterpillars, Ants and Symbiosis Philip J. DeVries

Scientific American 267, 76-82 (October 1992) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1092-76

• How Parasitic Wasps Find their Hosts James H. Tumlinson, W. Joe Lewis, Louise E. M. Vet Scientific American 266, 100-106 (March 1993) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0393-100

• Sex, Death and Kefir Lynn Margulis

Scientific American 271, 96-96 (August 1994) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0894-96

• Red Tides Donald M. Anderson

Scientific American 271, 62-68 (August 1994) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0894-62

• Disarming Lyme Disease Fred S. Kantor

Scientific American 271, 34-39 (September 1994) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0994-34

• Caulerpa William P. Jacobs

Scientific American 271, 100-105 (December 1994) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1294-100

(large single-celled alga)

• Hookworm Infection Peter J. Hotez, David I. Pritchard

Scientific American 272, 68-74 (June 1995) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0695-68

• The Bacteria Behind Ulcers Martin J. Blaser

Scientific American 274, 104-107 (February 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0296-104

• The Birth of Complex Cells Christian de Duve

Scientific American 274, 50-57 (April 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0496-50

• Why and How Bacteria Communicate Richard Losick, Dale Kaiser

Scientific American 276, 68-73 (February 1997) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0297-68

• Extremophiles Michael T. Madigan, Barry L. Marrs

Scientific American 276, 82-87 (April 1997) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0497-82

• Mitochondrial DNA in Aging and Disease Douglas C. Wallace

Scientific American 277, 40-47 (August 1997) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0897-40

• The Parasitic Wasp's Secret Weapon Nancy E. Beckage

Scientific American 277, 82-87 (November 1997) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1197-82

• The Lurking Perils of Pfiesteria JoAnn M. Burkholder

Scientific American 281, 42-49 (August 1999) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0899-42

• Kate Wong. September 12, 2000. Photosynthesis's Purple Roots. Sci. Amer. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=photosynthesiss-purple-ro

• Species-Making Bacteria Alison McCook

Scientific American 284, 29-29 (April 2001) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0401-29b

• The Bromeliads of the Atlantic Forest Gustavo Martinelli

Scientific American 282, 86-93 (March 2000) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0300-86

(epiphyte pictures)

• Battling Biofilms J. W. Costerton, Philip S. Stewart

Scientific American 285, 74-81 (July 2001) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0701-74

• Parasitic Sex Puppeteers Laurence D. Hurst, James P. Randerson

Scientific American 286, 56-61 (April 2002) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0402-56

• Rachael Moeller. 6/19/2002. New Theory of Cell Evolution Rejects Single-Ancestor Doctrine. Sci. Amer. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=new-theory-of-cell-evolut

• Bugs in the Brain Robert Sapolsky

Scientific American 288, 94-97 (March 2003) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0303-94

• Talking Bacteria Marguerite Holloway

Scientific American 290, 34-35 (February 2004) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0204-34

(quorum signals)

• An Endangered Species in the Stomach Martin J. Blaser

Scientific American 292, 38-45 (February 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0205-38

(Helicobacter benefits to host)

• Can Chlamydia Be Stopped? David M. Ojcius, Toni Darville, Patrik M Bavoil

Scientific American 292, 72-79 (May 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0505-72

• Blue-Green Acres Patrick Di Justo

Scientific American 293, 22-24 (September 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0905-22

• Bugs and Drugs Gunjan Sinha

Scientific American 293, 29-31 (November 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1105-29

(influence of intestinal flora on drug efficacy)

• Tackling Malaria Claire Panosian Dunavan

Scientific American 293, 76-83 (December 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-76

• Methane, Plants and Climate Change Frank Keppler, Thomas Röckmann

Scientific American 296, 52-57 (February 2007) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0207-52

• Fighting Killer Worms Patrick Skelly

Scientific American 298, 94-99 (May 2008) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0508-94

• Going with His Gut Bacteria Melinda Wenner

Scientific American 299, 90-92 (July 2008) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0708-90

• Expanding the Limits of Life Alexander S. Bradley

Scientific American 301, 62-67 (December 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-62

(deep sea vent ecosystems based on chemical energy rather than sunlight)

• The Art of Bacterial Warfare B. Brett Finlay

Scientific American 302, 56-63 (February 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0210-56

• Fertilization in Mammals Paul M. Wassarman

Scientific American 259, 78-84 (December 1988) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1288-78

• Genetics in the Gut Katherine Harmon

Scientific American 302, 22-24 (May 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0510-22

• Olivia Judson blog. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/some-genes-come-in-packages/ (DNA transfer to nucleus from mitochondria and chloroplasts)

• Amoeba endocytosis videos http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com/2007/09/24/amoeba-feeding-endocytosis/

• Natural Genetic Engineering And Genomic Innovation.

• Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis Douglas C. Youvan, Barry L. Marrs

Scientific American 256, 42-48 (June 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0687-42

• Photosynthesis Davide Castelvecchi

Scientific American 301, 89-89 (September 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0909-89b

• How We Are Evolving Jonathan K. Pritchard

Scientific American 303, 40-47 (October 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1010-40

• SJ Gould 1977. The return of hopeful monsters. Natural History 86 (June/July): 22-30

• Michael R. Dietrich. Richard Goldschmidt: hopeful monsters and other 'heresies' Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 68-74 (January 2003)

• Olivia Judson blogs on genome change in evolution:

http://judson.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/06/when-genes-go-retro/?pagemode=print

http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/its-a-jumble-out-there/

http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/evolution-in-duplicate/

• Use And Reuse Of Evolutionary Inventions.

Basic biology of morphogenesis and multicellular development:

• “The Organizer” George W. Gray

Scientific American 197, 79-91 (November 1957) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1157-79

• The Indestructible Hydra N. J. Berrill

Scientific American 197, 118-125 (December 1957) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1257-118

• The Flowering Process Frank B. Salisbury

Scientific American 198, 108-117 (April 1958) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0458-108

• The Regeneration of Body Parts Marcus Singer

Scientific American 199, 79-90 (October 1958) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1058-79

• Metamorphosis, Polymorphism, Differentiation V. B. Wigglesworth

Scientific American 200, 100-110 (February 1959) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0259-100

• The Embryological Origin of Muscle Irwin R. Konigsberg

Scientific American 211, 61-66 (August 1964) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0864-61

• How a Tadpole Becomes a Frog William Etkin

Scientific American 214, 76-88 (May 1966) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0566-76

• The Control of Plant Growth Johannes van Overbeek

Scientific American 219, 75-81 (July 1968) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0768-75

• Transdetermination in Cells Ernst Hadorn

Scientific American 219, 110-120 (November 1968) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1168-110

• Transplanted Nuclei and Cell Differentiation J. B. Gurdon

Scientific American 219, 24-35 (December 1968) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1268-24

• Wound Healing Russell Ross

Scientific American 220, 40-50 (June 1969) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0669-40

• Hydra as a Model for the Development of Biological Form Alfred Gierer

Scientific American 231, 44-54 (December 1974) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1274-44

• Biological Regeneration and Pattern Formation Peter J. Bryant, Susan V. Bryant, Vernon French

Scientific American 237, 66-81 (July 1977) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0777-66

• The Compound Eye of Insects G. Adrian Horridge

Scientific American 237, 108-120 (July 1977) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0777-108

• The Shaping of Tissues in Embryos Richard Gordon, Antone G. Jacobson

Scientific American 238, 106-113 (June 1978) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0678-106

• The Evolution of Multicellular Plants and Animals James W. Valentine

Scientific American 239, 140-158 (September 1978) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0978-140

• Pattern Formation in Biological Development Lewis Wolpert

Scientific American 239, 154-164 (October 1978) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1078-154

• Compartments in Animal Development Antonio García-Bellido, Peter A. Lawrence, Gines Morata Scientific American 241, 102-111 (July 1979) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0779-102

• The Development of a Simple Nervous System Gunther S. Stent, David A. Weisblat

Scientific American 246, 136-146 (January 1982) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0182-136

• The Regeneration of Potato Plants from Leaf-Cell Protoplasts James F. Shepard

Scientific American 246, 154-166 (May 1982) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0582-154

• The Emergence of Animals Mark A. S. McMenamin

Scientific American 256, 94-102 (April 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0487-94

• The Stem Cell David W. Golde

Scientific American 265, 86-93 (December 1991) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1291-86

• Making Sense of Taste David V. Smith, Robert F. Margolskee

Scientific American 284, 32-39 (March 2001) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0301-32

• The Molecular Logic Of Smell Richard Axel

Scientific American 295, 68-75 (September 2006) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0906-68sp

• Selfless Giving Gary Stix

Scientific American 296, 20-22 (April 2007) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0407-20

(maternal effects on embryonic development)

• Your Cells Are My Cells J. Lee Nelson

Scientific American 298, 72-79 (February 2008) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0208-72

(maternal cell contributions to embryo and adult)

• This Old Body Neil H. Shubin

Scientific American 300, 64-67 (January 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0109-64

Molecular biology of animal and plant development:

• Gene Transplantation and the Analysis of Development E. M. De Robertis, J. B. Gurdon

Scientific American 241, 74-82 (December 1979) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1279-74

• The Molecular Basis of Development Walter J. Gehring

Scientific American 253, 152-162 (October 1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1085-152

• Homeobox Genes and the Vertebrate Body Plan Eddy M. De Robertis, Guillermo Oliver, Christopher V. E. Wright

Scientific American 263, 46-52 (July 1990) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0790-46

• The Molecular Architects of Body Design William McGinnis, Michael Kuziora

Scientific American 270, 58-66 (February 1994) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0294-58

• The Genetics of Flower Development Elliot M. Meyerowitz

Scientific American 271, 56-65 (November 1994) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1194-56

• Gradients That Organize Embryo Development Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

Scientific American 275, 54-61 (August 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0896-54

• How the Body Tells Left from Right Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte

Scientific American 280, 46-51 (June 1999) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0699-46

· How Limbs Develop Robert D. Riddle, Clifford J. Tabin

Scientific American 280, 74-79 (February 1999) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0299-74

• The Hidden Genetic Program of Complex Organisms John S. Mattick

Scientific American 291, 60-67 (October 2004) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1004-60

(regulatory RNAs)

• Evo Devo Is the New Buzzword ...

Scientific American 292, 102-104 (April 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0405-102

• Regulating Evolution Sean B. Carroll, Benjamin Prud'homme, Nicolas Gompel

Scientific American 298, 60-67 (May 2008) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0508-60 (EvoDevo)

Evolutionary combinatorics and reuse:

• Old Gene, New Trick John Rennie

Scientific American 261, 30-31 (December 1989) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1289-30b

(Engrailed conserved but used for different functions in invertebrates, vertebrates)

• G Proteins Maurine E. Under, Alfred G. Gilman

Scientific American 267, 56-65 (July 1992) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0792-56

• Engineering Life: Building a FAB for Biology David Baker, George Church, Jim Collins, Drew Endy, Joseph Jacobson, Jay Keasling, Paul Modrich, Christina Smolke, Ron Weiss

Scientific American 294, 44-51 (June 2006) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0606-44

(synthetic biology)

• New Jobs for Ancient Chaperones Pramod K. Srivastava

Scientific American 299, 50-55 (July 2008) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0708-50

• The Evolution of Life on Earth Stephen Jay Gould

Scientific American 14, 92-100 (March 2004) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0304-92sp

• Whole Genome Doubling At Critical Stages Of Evolutionary Innovation And Divergence.

• Cataclysmic Evolution G. Ledyard Stebbins

Scientific American 184, 54-59 (April 1951) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0451-54

• Triticale Joseph H. Hulse, David Spurgeon

Scientific American 231, 72-80 (August 1974) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0874-72

PART IV READINGS:

• Reorganizing Established Functions To Generate Novelty (see Part III).

• Jacob F: Evolution and tinkering. Science 1977, 196:1161-1166. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-8075%2819770610%293%3A196%3A4295%3C1161%3AEAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D

• The Implications Of Targeting Genome Restructuring.

• Shapiro JA. 2007. Bacteria are small but not stupid: cognition, natural genetic engineering and socio-bacteriology. Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. 38 (2007) 807–819. http://shapiro.bsd.uchicago.edu/index3.html?content=bacteria.html

• Can Genomic Changes Be Linked To Ecological Disruptions?

The Evolution of Ecological Systems Robert M. May

Scientific American 239, 160-175 (September 1978) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0978-160

• On the Termination of Species W. Wayt Gibbs

Scientific American 285, 40-49 (November 2001) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1101-40

Biogeochemical influences of evolution on the environment:

• The Energy Cycle of the Biosphere George M. Woodwell

Scientific American 223, 64-74 (September 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0970-64

• The Water Cycle H. L. Penman

Scientific American 223, 98-108 (September 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0970-98

• The Oxygen Cycle Preston Cloud, Aharon Gibor

Scientific American 223, 110-123 (September 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0970-110

• The Carbon Cycle Bert Bolin

Scientific American 223, 124-132 (September 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0970-124

• The Nitrogen Cycle C. C. Delwiche

Scientific American 223, 136-146 (September 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0970-136

• Mineral Cycles Edward S. Deevey

Scientific American 223, 148-158 (September 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0970-148

• The Nutrient Cycles of an Ecosystem F. Herbert Bormann, Gene E. Likens

Scientific American 223, 92-101 (October 1970) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1070-92

• The Evolution of Reefs Norman D. Newell

Scientific American 226, 54-65 (June 1972) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0672-54

• Nitrogen Fixation David R. Safrany

Scientific American 231, 64-80 (October 1974) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1074-64

• Biological Nitrogen Fixation Winston J. Brill

Scientific American 236, 68-81 (March 1977) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0377-68

• Microbial Life in the Deep Sea Holger W. Jannasch, Carl O. Wirsen

Scientific American 236, 42-52 (June 1977) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0677-42

• The Biosphere Preston Cloud

Scientific American 249, 176-189 (September 1983) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0983-176

• Microbes Deep Inside the Earth James K. Fredrickson, Tullis C. Onstott

Scientific American 275, 68-73 (October 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1096-68

• The Cells That Rule the Seas Steve Nadis

Scientific American 289, 52-53 (December 2003) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1203-52

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-cells-that-rule-the-s

• When Methane Made Climate James F. Kasting

Scientific American 291, 78-85 (July 2004) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0704-78

Paleontological record and mass extinctions:

• The Evolution of the Earliest Cells J. William Schopf

Scientific American 239, 110-138 (September 1978) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0978-110

• Pre-Cambrian Animals Martin F. Glaessner

Scientific American 204, 72-78 (March 1961) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0361-72

• The Animals of the Burgess Shale Simon Conway Morris, H. B. Whittington

Scientific American 241, 122-135 (July 1979) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0779-122

• The Mass Extinctions of the Late Mesozoic Dale A. Russell

Scientific American 246, 58-65 (January 1982) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0182-58

• The Extinction of the Ammonites Peter Ward

Scientific American 249, 136-147 (October 1983) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1083-136

• Mass Extinctions in the Ocean Steven M. Stanley

Scientific American 250, 64-72 (June 1984) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0684-64

• An Extraterrestrial Impact Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro

Scientific American 263, 78-84 (October 1990) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1090-78

• A Volcanic Eruption Vincent E. Courtillot

Scientific American 263, 85-92 (October 1990) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1090-85

• End of the Proterozoic Eon Andrew H. Knoll

Scientific American 265, 64-73 (October 1991) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1091-64

• The Big Bang of Animal Evolution Jeffrey S. Levinton
Scientific American 267, 84-91 (November 1992) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1192-84

• Cambrian Jolt Tim Beardsley

Scientific American 267, 40-42 (December 1992) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1292-40

(mass extinctions)

• The Mid-Cretaceous Superplume Episode Roger L. Larson

Scientific American 15, 22-27 (July 2005) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0705-22sp

• The Mother of Mass Extinctions Douglas H. Erwin

Scientific American 275, 72-78 (July 1996) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0796-72

• Questioning the Oldest Signs of Life Sarah Simpson

Scientific American 288, 70-77 (April 2003) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0403-70

• Expanding the Limits of Life Alexander S. Bradley

Scientific American 301, 62-67 (December 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-62

• What Might A 21^st Century Theory Of Evolution Look Like?

• Evolution Evolving Tim Beardsley

Scientific American 277, 15-18 (September 1997) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0997-15

• Where Does Evolution Fit In 21^st Century Science?

• Genes, Peoples and Languages Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza

Scientific American 265, 104-110 (November 1991) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1191-104

• Genetic Algorithms John H. Holland

Scientific American 267, 66-72 (July 1992) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0792-66

• Creative Evolution W. Wayt Gibbs

Scientific American 269, 20-21 (October 1993) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1093-20

• The New Social Darwinists John Horgan

Scientific American 273, 174-181 (October 1995) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1095-174

• Darwin's Influence on Modern Thought Ernst Mayr

Scientific American 283, 78-83 (July 2000) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0700-78

• Evolving Inventions John R. Koza, Martin A. Keane, Matthew J. Streeter

Scientific American 288, 52-59 (February 2003) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0203-52

(in silico evolution)

• Chain Letters and Evolutionary Histories Charles H. Bennett, Ming Li, Bin Ma

Scientific American 288, 76-81 (June 2003) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0603-76

• Evolution in the Everyday World David P. Mindell

Scientific American 300, 82-89 (January 2009) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0109-82

• Evolution of Minerals Robert M. Hazen

Scientific American 302, 58-65 (March 2010) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0310-58

Molecular Biology background readings in chronological order:

• The Structure of Protein Molecules Linus Pauling, Robert B. Corey, Roger Hayward

Scientific American 191, 51-59 (July 1954) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0754-51

• Proteins Paul Doty

Scientific American 197, 173-187 (September 1957) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0957-173

• The Duplication of Chromosomes J. Herbert Taylor

Scientific American 198, 36-42 (June 1958) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0658-36

• Nucleic Acids and Proteins Mahlon B. Hoagland

Scientific American 201, 55-61 (December 1959) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1259-55

• Collagen Jerome Gross

Scientific American 204, 120-134 (May 1961) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0561-120

• How Cells Make Molecules Vincent G. Allfrey, Alfred E. Mirsky

Scientific American 205, 74-82 (September 1961) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0961-74

• The Fine Structure of the Gene Seymour Benzer

Scientific American 206, 70-84 (January 1962) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0162-70

• Messenger RNA Jerard Hurwitz, J. J. Furth

Scientific American 206, 41-49 (February 1962) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0262-41

• Single-Stranded DNA Robert L. Sinsheimer

Scientific American 207, 109-117 (July 1962) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0762-109

• The Structure of Viruses R. W. Horne

Scientific American 208, 48-57 (January 1963) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0163-48

• Polyribosomes Alexander Rich

Scientific American 209, 44-53 (December 1963) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1263-44

• Hybrid Nucleic Acids S. Spiegelman

Scientific American 210, 48-56 (May 1964) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0564-48

• The Genetic Code of a Virus Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat

Scientific American 211, 46-54 (October 1964) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1064-4

• The Genetics of a Bacterial Virus R. S. Edgar, R. H. Epstein

Scientific American 212, 70-79 (February 1965) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0265-70

• The Bacterial Chromosome John Cairns

Scientific American 214, 36-44 (January 1966) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0166-36

• The Genetic Control of the Shape of a Virus Edouard Kellenberger

Scientific American 215, 32-39 (December 1966) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1266-32

• Gene Structure and Protein Structure Charles Yanofsky

Scientific American 216, 80-94 (May 1967) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0567-80

• The Synthesis of DNA Arthur Kornberg

Scientific American 219, 64-78 (October 1968) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1068-64

• The Three-dimensional Structure of Transfer RNA Alexander Rich, Sung Hou Kim

Scientific American 238, 52-62 (January 1978) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0178-52

• Supercoiled DNA William R. Bauer, F. H. C. Crick, James H. White

Scientific American 243, 118-133 (July 1980) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0780-118

• DNA Topoisomerases James C. Wang

Scientific American 247, 94-109 (July 1982) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0782-94

• The DNA Helix and How it is Read Richard E. Dickerson

Scientific American 249, 94-111 (December 1983) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1283-94

• The Structure of Proteins in Biological Membranes Nigel Unwin, Richard Henderson

Scientific American 250, 78-94 (February 1984) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0284-78

• The Molecules of Life Robert A. Weinberg

Scientific American 253, 48-57 (October 1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1085-48

• DNA Gary Felsenfeld

Scientific American 253, 58-67 (October 1985) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1085-58

• RNA as an Enzyme Thomas R. Cech

Scientific American 255, 64-75 (November 1986) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1186-64

• The Structure of Poliovirus James M. Hogle, Marie Chow, David J. Filman

Scientific American 256, 42-49 (March 1987) doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0387-42