Regulatory Functions Reported for Long Non-coding lncRNA molecules
Organism	Function(s)	References
Budding yeast	Galactose metabolism; controls speed of transcriptional induction by galactose	(Wang and Tran 2013)
Fission yeast	Phosphate-induced epigenetic silencing	(Shah, Wittmann et al. 2014)
Budding and fission yeast	Cellular responses to environmental changes	(Yamashita, Shichino et al. 2016)
Fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans	lncRNA RZE1 regulates yeast-to-hypha transition	(Chacko, Zhao et al. 2015)
Plasmodium falciparum	Gametocyte development	(Broadbent, Broadbent et al. 2015)
Plasmodium falciparum	Telomere associated lncRNAs	(Broadbent, Park et al. 2011)
Plants	Flower development and timing	(Chekanova 2015)
Arabidopsis	Stress response lncRNAs	(Di, Yuan et al. 2014)
Arabidopsis thaliana	lncRNA TER regulates telomerase activity	(Nelson and Shippen 2015)
Tomato	Fruit ripening	(Zhu, Yang et al. 2015)
Drosophila	Sex determination	(Mulvey, Olcese et al. 2014)
Drosophila	X chromosome dosage compensation	(Quinn, Zhang et al. 2016)
Tetrapods	Spermatogenesis, synaptic transmission, placenta development	(Necsulea, Soumillon et al. 2014)
Mammal	mRNA transcription	(Kugel and Goodrich 2013)
Mammal	Stem cell pluripotency	(Fort, Hashimoto et al. 2014)
Mammal	Epigenetic chromatin formatting	(Nakagawa and Kageyama 2014)
Mammal	Placental membrane integrity	(Luo, Shi et al. 2013)
Mammal	Androgen receptor-regulated transcription	(Yang, Lin et al. 2013)
Mammal	Synaptic connectivity in brain	(Smalheiser 2014)
Marsupial Monodelphis domestica	Female X chromosome inactivation by repeat-rich lncRNA Rsx	(Grant, Mahadevaiah et al. 2012)
Goat (Capra hircus)	Skin pigmentation	(Ren, Wang et al. 2016)
Mouse	Enhancer methylation and transcription control	(Berghoff, Clark et al. 2013)
Mouse	Diurnal metabolic regulation	(Powell, Coulson et al. 2013)
Mouse	Cell reprogramming to pluripotent stem cells	(Kim, Marinov et al. 2015)
Mouse	Imprinted Igfr2 silencing	(Santoro, Mayer et al. 2013)
Mouse	Myogenesis (SINE-containing lncRNA acting on STAU-1 mRNA decay)	(Wang, Gong et al. 2013)
Mouse	lncRNA Dum regulates myogenic differentiation and muscle regeneration	(Wang, Zhao et al. 2015)
Mouse	Translation of brain UCHL1 protein involved in preventing neurodegeneration; regulation by SINEB2 recognition	(Carrieri, Cimatti et al. 2012; Zucchelli, Fasolo et al. 2015)
Mouse	lncRNA Evf2 modulates chromatin formation in forebrain development	(Cajigas, Leib et al. 2015)
Mouse	lncRNA-HIT mediates TGF beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelia and is essential for chondrogenic differentiation in the limb mesenchyme (cartilage formation)	(Carlson, Quinn et al. 2015; Richards, Zhang et al. 2015)
Mouse	lncRNA Fendrr regulates heart and body wall development	(Grote, Wittler et al. 2013)
Mouse	Male germline development	(Bao, Wu et al. 2013)
Rat	Long-term potentiation of synaptic connectivity in adult brain development	(Maag, Panja et al. 2015)
Primate	lncRNA ANRIL regulates expression of three cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and atherogenesis; Alu exons acquired in primate lineage	(He, Gu et al. 2013; Holdt, Hoffmann et al. 2013)
Primate	Primate-specific lncRNA HPAT-5 required for stem cell pluripotency	(Durruthy-Durruthy, Sebastiano et al. 2016)
Human	18,871,097 lncRNA-RNA base-pairings likely involved in processing, stability control and functions of 57,303 transcripts	(Szczesniak and Makalowska 2016)
Human	Centromere function	(Quenet and Dalal 2014)
Human	Steroid receptor activation	(Novikova, Hennelly et al. 2012)
Human	Endocrine regulation	(Knoll, Lodish et al. 2015)
Human	Rb and p53 signaling pathways	(Subramanian, Jones et al. 2013)
Human	lncRNA RoR is a p53 repressor in response to DNA damage; acts as microRNA sponge in transcription factor control	(Zhang, Zhou et al. 2013) (Wang, Xu et al. 2013)
Human	lncRNA LED stimulates p53 activated transcription	(Leveille, Melo et al. 2015)
Human	lncRNA H19 modulates S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and DNA methylation	(Zhou, Yang et al. 2015)
Human	lncRNA HOTAIR regulates chromatin dynamics	(Bhan and Mandal 2015)
Human	lncRNA NBR2 regulates AMP-activated protein kinase under energy stress	(Liu, Xiao et al. 2016)
Human	Xist lncRNA required for X inactivation	(Engreitz, Pandya-Jones et al. 2013; Froberg, Yang et al. 2013)
Human	lncRNA XACT in active X chromosome expression	(Vallot and Rougeulle 2013)
Human	Apoptosis and lysosomal processes (Alu recognition; lncRNA GAS5)	(Mandal, Pandey et al. 2013; Pickard, Mourtada-Maarabouni et al. 2013; Rossi and Antonangeli 2014)
Human	STAU-1 mRNA decay (stimulated by Alu pairing)	(Gong and Maquat 2011)
Human	Cell cycle regulation by lncRNA APTR	(Negishi, Wongpalee et al. 2014)
Human	lncRNA Firre controls mRNA retention in the nucleus, nucleolar anchoring of inactive X	(Yang, Deng et al. 2015; Hacisuleyman, Shukla et al. 2016)
Human	lncRNA ROR regulates stem cell pluripotency; has sequences from >12 mobile elements, including a long HERVH 5’ sequence characteristic of several pluripotent cell lncRNAs; acts as microRNA sponge	(Loewer, Cabili et al. 2010) (Kelley and Rinn 2012; Santoni, Guerra et al. 2012; Wang, Xu et al. 2013)
Human	Stem cell specificities	(Kelley and Rinn 2012; Hu and Shan 2016)
Human	Stem cell pluripotency and cancer cell proliferation; transcription from retroviral promoters	(Ng and Stanton 2013; St Laurent, Shtokalo et al. 2013; Shahryari, Jazi et al. 2015)
Human	Pluripotency and neuronal differentiation regulation of chromatin modifiers and transcription factors	(Ng, Johnson et al. 2012)
Human	lncRNA-mediated regulation of the interferon response	(Valadkhan and Gunawardane 2016)
Human	lncRNA ANRIL regulates inflammatory responses as a novel component of NF-kappaB pathway	(Zhou, Han et al. 2016)
Human	Innate and adaptive immune responses	(Atianand and Fitzgerald 2014; Imamura and Akimitsu 2014; Aune and Spurlock 2016)
Human	lncRNA TINCR regulates epidermal differentiation	(Kretz, Siprashvili et al. 2013)
Human	Neurodevelopment and brain function	(Barry, Briggs et al. 2014; Clark and Blackshaw 2014; Roberts, Morris et al. 2014; Aprea and Calegari 2015; Hecht, Ballesteros-Yanez et al. 2015; D'Haene, Jacobs et al. 2016; Liu, Nowakowski et al. 2016)
Human	Chromatin modification, epigenetic regulation, alternative splicing, and translational control by MALAT1, HOTAIR and TRE lncRNAs represent important examples of lncRNA-mediated control of cell migration and invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition and metastasis	(Gupta, Shah et al. 2010; Dhamija and Diederichs 2016)

 

 

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