Origination_of_Novel_Exons_from_Mobile_DNA_Elements
Origination of Novel Exons from
Mobile DNA Elements
(Volff 2006;
Bowen and Jordan 2007;
Piriyapongsa,
Rutledge et al. 2007; Sorek
2007; Sorek
2009; Schmitz
and Brosius 2011; Zhang,
Edwards et al. 2013; Park,
Kim et al. 2015) (Ponicsan, Kugel et
al. 2010) |
||
Taxa |
Mobile DNA Exonized |
Reference(s) |
Green
algae |
Transposable
elements |
|
Plants (coffee, rice, Arabidopsis,
etc.) |
Transposable
elements |
|
Plants |
Ds
transposons |
|
Rice |
Ds
transposons |
|
Non-mammalian
vertebrates and invertebrates |
“…transcriptomes
of vertebrates exhibit significant levels of
exonization of TEs, only anecdotal cases were found in
invertebrates. In vertebrates, as in mammals, the
exonized TEs are mostly alternatively spliced…” |
|
Ancestral
vertebrate |
“…a more than
200-base-pair ultraconserved region, 100% identical in
mammals, and 80% identical to the coelacanth SINE,
contains a 31-amino-acid-residue alternatively spliced
exon of the messenger RNA processing gene PCBP2…” |
|
Mammal |
“Although…not
evolutionarily related, mammalian TMPO and ZNF451…both
code for splice isoforms that contain LAP2alpha
domains…related to the first ORF from a DIRS1-like
retrotransposon…domestication happened separately and
resulted in proteins that combine retrotransposon and
host protein domains. The alternative splicing of the
retrotransposed sequence allowed the production of
both the new and the untouched original isoforms...” |
|
Mammal |
MIR
retrotransposons |
(Annibalini, Bielli
et al. 2016) (Krull, Petrusma et al.
2007) |
Mouse |
L1
retrotransposons; “antisense insertions
results in an increased potential for exonization” |
(Zemojtel, Penzkofer
et al. 2007) |
Rat |
Exonization
of L1 and ERV (endogenous retrovirus) in embryonically
expressed Rtdpoz-T1 and -T2 locus |
|
Human
and mouse |
“…exonization of
transposed elements is biased towards the beginning of
the coding sequence in both human and mouse
genes…cases of primate-specific Alu elements
that depend on RNA editing for their exonization…” |
(Sela, Mersch et al. 2010;
Mandal, Pandey et
al. 2013; Zarnack,
Konig et al. 2013) (Moller-Krull, Zemann
et al. 2008) |
Primate |
Alu
exonization in BCS1L, other loci |
|
Primate |
RNA edited Alu element
in human nuclear prelamin A recognition factor gene
transcript |
|
Primate |
MIR
retrotransposon |
|
Primate |
LINE
retrotransposon in ZRANB2 locus |
|
Human |
SINE
retrotransposons |
|
Human
|
Anti-sense Alu elements;
Alu-derived
segments in two Bcl-family proteins. |
(Huda and Bushel 2013) (Wu, Li et al. 2007;
Corvelo and Eyras
2008) (Schwartz, Gal-Mark
et al. 2009) |
Human |
Exons derived from
Alu
elements but also the exons from the TEs of other
families were preferentially established in zinc
finger (ZNF) genes.” |
|
Human |
“Long Terminal
Repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are associated with
1,057 human genes (5.8%). In 256 cases LTR
retrotransposons were observed in protein-coding
regions, while 50 distinct protein coding exons in 45
genes were comprised exclusively of LTR
RetroTransposon Sequence (LRTS)…an alternatively
spliced exon of the Interleukin 22 receptor, alpha 2
gene (IL22RA2) derived from a sequence of
retrotransposon of the Mammalian apparent LTR
retrotransposons (MaLR) family …hypothesize that the
recruitment of the part of LTR as a novel exon…a
result of a single mutation in the proto-splice site…”
|
|
Human |
“…human nuclear
prelamin A recognition factor contains a
primate-specific Alu-exon that
exclusively depends on RNA editing for its
exonization.” |
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