Natural Genetic Engineering and Evolutionary Genomic Innovation

(Hedges and Batzer 2005; Giraud, Refregier et al. 2008; Scheifele and Boeke 2008; Dobrindt, Chowdary et al. 2010; Kaessmann 2010; Rothschild 2010; Portnoy, Bezdan et al. 2011)

 

Horizontal DNA transfer and formation of chimeric sequences originating in more than one cell lineage

 

(Daniels, Peterson et al. 1990; Kordis and Gubensek 1998; Bird and Koltai 2000; Bergthorsson, Adams et al. 2003; Bergthorsson, Richardson et al. 2004; Davis and Wurdack 2004; Odom, Shenkenberg et al. 2004; Rogers and Keeling 2004; Dagan and Martin 2006; Diao, Freeling et al. 2006; Fiebig, Hartmann et al. 2006; Richards, Dacks et al. 2006; Simoes-Barbosa, Arganaraz et al. 2006; Choi and Kim 2007; Marri, Hao et al. 2007; Nisa-Martinez, Jimenez-Zurdo et al. 2007; Bratke and McLysaght 2008; Davids and Zhang 2008; Fortune, Roulin et al. 2008; Pace, Gilbert et al. 2008; Price, Dehal et al. 2008; Sanchez-Puerta, Cho et al. 2008; Tamames and Moya 2008; Xie, Fu et al. 2008; Bock 2009; Boyer, Yutin et al. 2009; Emiliani, Fondi et al. 2009; Koonin 2009; Mitreva, Smant et al. 2009; Pontiroli, Rizzi et al. 2009; Hecht, Nitz et al. 2010; Liu and Zhu 2010; Schaack, Gilbert et al. 2010; Snir and Trifonov 2010; Thomas, Schaack et al. 2010; Corander, Connor et al. 2011; Creevey, Doerks et al. 2011; Grbic, Van Leeuwen et al. 2011; Haegeman, Jones et al. 2011; Kikuchi, Cotton et al. 2011; Maruyama, Suzaki et al. 2011; Mayer, Schuster et al. 2011; Richards, Soanes et al. 2011; Sanchez 2011; Scholl and Bird 2011; Yoshida, Claverie et al. 2011)

 

Viruses and proviruses

 

(Schon, Seifarth et al. 2001; Dunn, Medstrand et al. 2003; Mallet and Prudhomme 2004; Dunn, van de Lagemaat et al. 2005; Buzdin, Kovalskaya-Alexandrova et al. 2006; Dunn, Romanish et al. 2006; Kovalskaya, Buzdin et al. 2006; Nellaker, Yao et al. 2006; Sin, Huh et al. 2006; Moyes, Griffiths et al. 2007; Conley, Piriyapongsa et al. 2008; Huh, Kim et al. 2008; Lee, Malim et al. 2008; Tumapa, Holden et al. 2008; Balada, Ordi-Ros et al. 2009; Boyer, Yutin et al. 2009; Gogvadze, Stukacheva et al. 2009; Mueller, Coleman et al. 2009; Schon, Diem et al. 2009; Wang, Kim et al. 2009; Fujii 2010; Perron and Lang 2010; 2011; Coolen 2011; Nascimento, Gongora et al. 2011; Rasko, Webster et al. 2011)

Endogenous retroviruses

(Hefti and Panem 1981; Urnovitz and Murphy 1996; Schon, Seifarth et al. 2001; Pelisson, Mejlumian et al. 2002; Dunn, Medstrand et al. 2003; Dunn, van de Lagemaat et al. 2005; Yano, Panbehi et al. 2005; Dunn, Romanish et al. 2006; Kovalskaya, Buzdin et al. 2006; Nellaker, Yao et al. 2006; Moyes, Griffiths et al. 2007; Balada, Ordi-Ros et al. 2009; Gogvadze, Stukacheva et al. 2009; Schon, Diem et al. 2009; Perron and Lang 2010; Wang, Liska et al. 2010; Nascimento, Gongora et al. 2011)

 

“Point” mutations and the role of “cryptic” sequence variation

 

(Kugelberg, Kofoid et al. 2010; Hayden, Ferrada et al. 2011)

 

Chromosome restructuring, fragile sites, maintenance of syntenic regions and karyotype evolution (including cancer cells)