Table II.9. RNA-based defense against viruses and plasmids in bacteria, archaea, fungi and plants.

Organism

Reference

Multiple bacteria and archaea CRISPRs  (= Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)

(Horvath and Barrangou 2010; Karginov and Hannon 2010; Sorokin, Gelfand et al. 2010)

Archaea

Crenarchael thermophiles (archaea)

(Vestergaard, Shah et al. 2008; Shah, Hansen et al. 2009)

Pyrococcus furiosus (archaea)

(Carte, Wang et al. 2008; Hale, Kleppe et al. 2008; Hale, Zhao et al. 2009)

Sulfolobus islandicus (archaea)

(Held and Whitaker 2009)

Sulfolobus solfataricus (archaea)

(Han, Lehmann et al. 2009)

Bacteria

C. diptheriae

(Mokrousov, Limeschenko et al. 2007)

E. coli

(Diez-Villasenor, Almendros et al. 2010)

Lactic acid bacteria

(Horvath, Coute-Monvoisin et al. 2009)

Leptospirillum group II bacteria

(Tyson and Banfield 2008)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(Zegans, Wagner et al. 2009)

Streptococcus thermophilus

(Deveau, Barrangou et al. 2008; Horvath, Romero et al. 2008; Mojica, Diez-Villasenor et al. 2009)

Streptococcus mutans

(van der Ploeg 2009)

Staphylococcus epidermidis

(Marraffini and Sontheimer 2008; Marraffini and Sontheimer 2010; Marraffini and Sontheimer 2010)

Thermus thermophilus

(Agari, Sakamoto et al. 2010)

Vibrio cholerae

(Chakraborty, Waise et al. 2009)

viridans streptococci

 (Moore, Mason et al. 2008)

Xanthomonas oryzae

 (Semenova, Nagornykh et al. 2009)

Yersinia pestis

 (Cui, Li et al. 2008)

Yeast & Fungi

 (Buhler 2009)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast)

 (Drinnenberg, Weinberg et al. 2009)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast)

 (Sugiyama, Cam et al. 2005; Zofall and Grewal 2006; Buker, Iida et al. 2007; Colmenares, Buker et al. 2007; White and Allshire 2008)

Neurospora crassa (fungus, bread mold)

 (Cogoni and Macino 1999; Fulci and Macino 2007)

Aspergillus nidulans (fungus)

 (Hammond and Keller 2005)

Plants

(Matzke and Birchler 2005; Jorgensen, Doetsch et al. 2006; Xie and Qi 2008)

Zea mays (maize) - monocot

 (Hale, Erhard et al. 2009; Jia, Lisch et al. 2009; Pikaard and Tucker 2009; Sidorenko, Dorweiler et al. 2009)

Arabidopsis thaliana - dicot

 (Lippman and Martienssen 2004; Martienssen, Kloc et al. 2008; Douet, Tutois et al. 2009; Grant-Downton, Le Trionnaire et al. 2009; Ha, Lu et al. 2009; Slotkin, Vaughn et al. 2009)

Tomato - dicot

 (Denti, Boutla et al. 2004)

Rice - monocot

 (Sunkar, Girke et al. 2005; Neumann, Yan et al. 2007); (Miki and Shimamoto 2008)

Tobacco - dicot

 (Shimamura, Oka et al. 2007)

Grapevine - dicot

 (Navarro, Pantaleo et al. 2009)

Conifers - gymnosperms

 (Dolgosheina, Morin et al. 2008; Morin, Aksay et al. 2008)

Craterostigma plantagineum (blue gem, resurrection plant) - dicot

 (Hilbricht, Varotto et al. 2008)