Table II.10. Life history events that alter the epigenome (DNA methylation and chromatin formatting).

Event (Organism)

Results

Reference(s)

Polyploidy (plants)

Histone acetylation changes

 (Chen and Tian 2007)

Allopolyploidy (plants)

Changes in methylation patterns of mobile elements

 (Dong, Liu et al. 2005)

Synthetic allotetraploids
(Arabidopsis)

Remodeling of DNA methylation, phenotypic and transcriptional changes

 (Madlung, Masuelli et al. 2002; Ha, Lu et al. 2009)

Interspecific hybrids (plants)

Altered DNA methylation patterns; Phenotypic and epigenetic variability

 (Salmon, Ainouche et al. 2005; Marfil, Camadro et al. 2009)

Introgression from Zizania latifolia into rice

Extensive alterations in DNA methylation

 (Liu, Wang et al. 2004)

Incompatible cross-pollination (rice)

Transgenerational epigenetic instability.

 (Wang, Chai et al. 2009)

Tissue culture growth

Altered mPing transposon cytosine methylation

(Ngezahayo, Xu et al. 2009)

Tobacco tissue culture

Gradual and frequent epigenetic reprogramming of invertedly repeated transgene epialleles

(Krizova, Fojtova et al. 2009)

Immortalized Arabidopsis cell suspension culture

Euchromatin DNA hypermethylation and DNA hypomethylation of specific transposable elements

(Tanurdzic, Vaughn et al. 2008)

Antibiotics and tissue culture (tobacco)

Genome-wide hypermethylation

 (Schmitt, Oakeley et al. 1997)

Rice plants subjected to space flight

Heritable hypermethylation of TEs and other sequences

 (Ou, Long et al. 2009)

Interspecific hybrids (mouse)

Placental DNA methylation changes

 (Schutt, Florl et al. 2003)

Interspecific hybrid (mouse)

Methylation perturbations in retroelements

 (Brown, Golden et al. 2008)

Interspecific hybrids (Peromyscus mice)

Genomic imprinting disrupted

 (Vrana, Guan et al. 1998)

Interspecific hybrids (Wallabies)

Loss of retroelement methylation

(O'Neill, O'Neill et al. 1998)

X irradiation

Transgenerational cancers and modifications in DNA methylation

 (Koturbash, Baker et al. 2006)

Particulate air pollution (Mouse)

DNA global hypermethylation

 (Yauk, Polyzos et al. 2008)

Nutrition (mouse)

Retrotransposon methylation in response to dietary methionine

 (Waterland and Jirtle 2003)

Wolbachia endosymbiosis in Drosophila males

Sperm chromatin remodeling; cytoplasmic incompatibility

 (Harris and Braig 2003)

Wolbachia endosymbiosis in leafhopper (Zyginidia pullula) males

Feminization, sterility, female-specific DNA methylation patterns

 (Negri, Franchini et al. 2009)

Bacterial infection (human)

Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling (particularly immune cells)

 (Arbibe 2008; Hamon and Cossart 2008)

Bacterial infection (mice)

DNA hypermethylation

(Bobetsis, Barros et al. 2007)

Fungal infection (tobacco)

Transgenerational instability

 (Boyko, Kathiria et al. 2007)

Helicobacter infection (human)

LINE-1 hypomethylation

 (Yamamoto, Toyota et al. 2008)

Helicobacter infection (human)

Aberrant or hypermethylation of CpG islands

 (Maekita, Nakazawa et al. 2006; Nardone, Compare et al. 2007; Nardone and Compare 2008; Moriichi, Watari et al. 2009; Nakajima, Yamashita et al. 2009; Hong, Oh et al. 2010; Yoshida, Yamashita et al. 2011)

Campylobacter rectus infection of the placenta (human)

DNA methylation and histone modification changes

(Minarovits 2009)