Genome Formatting For Replication And Transmission To Daughter Cells

(Bhalla and Dernburg 2008; Wilkins and Holliday 2009; Myers, Stamatoyannopoulos et al. 2011; Pek and Kai 2011)

 

Replication, origins and terminators

 

(Murray 1987; Dalgaard and Klar 1999; Gomez and Antequera 1999; Gilbert 2002; Yang, Huang et al. 2002; Ghosh, Satish et al. 2003; Xu, Aparicio et al. 2006; Robinson and Bell 2007; Mendell, Clements et al. 2008; Dalgaard, Eydmann et al. 2009; Duncker, Chesnokov et al. 2009; Hiratani and Gilbert 2009; Hiratani, Takebayashi et al. 2009; Muck and Zink 2009; Ozaki and Katayama 2009; Pliss, Malyavantham et al. 2009; Barberis, Spiesser et al. 2010; Cayrou, Coulombe et al. 2010; Cotobal, Segurado et al. 2010; Eaton, Galani et al. 2010; Georgescu, Yao et al. 2010; Gilbert, Takebayashi et al. 2010; Graumann, Runions et al. 2010; Kawakami and Katayama 2010; Natsume and Tanaka 2010; Ryba, Hiratani et al. 2010; Yang, Rhind et al. 2010; Costas, de la Paz Sanchez et al. 2011; Costas, Sanchez Mde et al. 2011; De and Michor 2011; Ding and MacAlpine 2011; Duderstadt, Chuang et al. 2011; Dueber, Costa et al. 2011; Eaton, Prinz et al. 2011; Ryba, Hiratani et al. 2011; Seligmann 2011; Yeeles and Marians 2011; Lia, Michel et al. 2012)

 

Centromeres and kinetochores

(Appelgren, Kniola et al. 2003; Page and Hawley 2003; Sharp and Kaufman 2003; Dunleavy, Pidoux et al. 2005; Muegge 2005; Nagaki, Neumann et al. 2005; Pidoux and Allshire 2005; Scott, Merrett et al. 2006; Vos, Famulski et al. 2006; Alkan, Ventura et al. 2007; Morris and Moazed 2007; Neumann, Yan et al. 2007; Villasante, Abad et al. 2007; Villasante, Mendez-Lago et al. 2007; Brar and Amon 2008; Casola, Hucks et al. 2008; Folco, Pidoux et al. 2008; Gieni, Chan et al. 2008; Ishii, Ogiyama et al. 2008; Plohl, Luchetti et al. 2008; Kagansky, Folco et al. 2009; Kanizay and Dawe 2009; Rocchi, Stanyon et al. 2009; Sakuno and Watanabe 2009; Torras-Llort, Moreno-Moreno et al. 2009; Akiyoshi, Sarangapani et al. 2010; Buscaino, Allshire et al. 2010; Dubin, Fuchs et al. 2010; Glynn, Kaczmarczyk et al. 2010; Iwasaki, Tanaka et al. 2010; Kitamura, Tanaka et al. 2010; Shang, Hori et al. 2010; Takayama and Toda 2010; Alkan, Cardone et al. 2011; Gent, Schneider et al. 2011; Guse, Carroll et al. 2011; Mendiburo, Padeken et al. 2011; Neumann, Navratilova et al. 2011; Orth, Mayer et al. 2011; Sanchez and Losada 2011; Verdaasdonk and Bloom 2011; Zhou, Feng et al. 2011)

Telomeres

(Chaconas, Stewart et al. 2001; Kobryn and Chaconas 2001; Casacuberta and Pardue 2002; Hediger, Neumann et al. 2002; Yang, Huang et al. 2002; Bao and Cohen 2003; Casacuberta and Pardue 2003; Casacuberta and Pardue 2003; Bankhead and Chaconas 2004; Chaconas 2005; Kobryn, Burgin et al. 2005; Kobryn and Chaconas 2005; Taddei, Gartenberg et al. 2005; Savitsky, Kwon et al. 2006; Blasco 2007; Casacuberta, Marin et al. 2007; Gladyshev and Arkhipova 2007; Huang, Tsai et al. 2007; Jayaram 2007; Morrish, Garcia-Perez et al. 2007; Villasante, Abad et al. 2007; Baird 2008; Gonzalez-Suarez and Gonzalo 2008; Mason, Frydrychova et al. 2008; Ruiz-Herrera, Nergadze et al. 2008; Sabourin and Zakian 2008; Villasante, de Pablos et al. 2008; Gartenberg 2009; Gonzalez-Suarez, Redwood et al. 2009; Kobryn, Briffotaux et al. 2009; Moriarty and Chaconas 2009; Schoeftner and Blasco 2009; Shore and Bianchi 2009; Taddei, Van Houwe et al. 2009; Tourand, Deneke et al. 2009; Baker, Zeitlin et al. 2010; Chaconas and Kobryn 2010; Gonzalez-Suarez and Gonzalo 2010; Hernandez-Rivas, Perez-Toledo et al. 2010; Letsolo, Rowson et al. 2010; Marion and Blasco 2010; Pobiega and Marcand 2010; Schoeftner and Blasco 2010; Chang, Dittmar et al. 2011; Smith, Chen et al. 2011)

http://the-scientist.com/2012/05/01/telomere-basics/

Plasmid and chromosome segregation in prokaryotes

(Gerdes, Moller-Jensen et al. 2004; Ebersbach and Gerdes 2005; Salje and Lowe 2008; Thomson, Yau et al. 2009; Cortez, Quevillon-Cheruel et al. 2010; Salje 2010; Wu, Zampini et al. 2011)

Cytoskeleton, nuclear architecture and chromosome movements

(Henikoff 2001; van den Ent, Amos et al. 2001; van den Ent, Amos et al. 2001; Carballido-Lopez and Errington 2003; Mayer 2003; Petronczki, Siomos et al. 2003; Amos, van den Ent et al. 2004; Gerdes, Moller-Jensen et al. 2004; Lowe, van den Ent et al. 2004; Verschure 2004; Carballido-Lopez 2006; Berr and Schubert 2007; Cavalli 2007; Erickson 2007; Graumann 2007; Ebersbach, Briegel et al. 2008; Khmelinskii and Schiebel 2008; Meaburn, Newbold et al. 2008; Vogt, Kirsch-Volders et al. 2008; Gonzalez-Suarez, Redwood et al. 2009; Guttinger, Laurell et al. 2009; Lan, Daniels et al. 2009; Gonzalez-Suarez and Gonzalo 2010; Natsume and Tanaka 2010; Rosu, Libuda et al. 2011; Wu, Chen et al. 2011)

Sex chromosomes

(Schartl 2004; Jamilena, Mariotti et al. 2008; Kazama and Matsunaga 2008; Presgraves 2008; Veyrunes, Waters et al. 2008; Kejnovsky, Hobza et al. 2009; Cioffi, Martins et al. 2010; de Clare, Pir et al. 2011)

 

REFERENCES

 

Akiyoshi, B., K. K. Sarangapani, et al. (2010). "Tension directly stabilizes reconstituted kinetochore-microtubule attachments." Nature 468(7323): 576-579. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107429.

Alkan, C., M. F. Cardone, et al. (2011). "Genome-wide characterization of centromeric satellites from multiple mammalian genomes." Genome Res 21(1): 137-145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21081712.

Alkan, C., M. Ventura, et al. (2007). "Organization and evolution of primate centromeric DNA from whole-genome shotgun sequence data." PLoS Comput Biol 3(9): 1807-1818. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907796.

Amos, L. A., F. van den Ent, et al. (2004). "Structural/functional homology between the bacterial and eukaryotic cytoskeletons." Curr Opin Cell Biol 16(1): 24-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15037301.

Appelgren, H., B. Kniola, et al. (2003). "Distinct centromere domain structures with separate functions demonstrated in live fission yeast cells." J Cell Sci 116(Pt 19): 4035-4042. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12928332.

Baird, D. M. (2008). "Mechanisms of telomeric instability." Cytogenet Genome Res 122(3-4): 308-314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188700.

Baker, N. M., S. G. Zeitlin, et al. (2010). "Chromosome tips damaged in anaphase inhibit cytokinesis." PLoS One 5(8): e12398. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811641.

Bankhead, T. and G. Chaconas (2004). "Mixing active-site components: a recipe for the unique enzymatic activity of a telomere resolvase." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(38): 13768-13773. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15365172.

Bao, K. and S. N. Cohen (2003). "Recruitment of terminal protein to the ends of Streptomyces linear plasmids and\chromosomes by a novel telomere-binding protein essential for linear DNA replication." Genes Dev 17(6): 774-785. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12651895.

Barberis, M., T. W. Spiesser, et al. (2010). "Replication origins and timing of temporal replication in budding yeast: how to solve the conundrum?" Curr Genomics 11(3): 199-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21037857.

Berr, A. and I. Schubert (2007). "Interphase chromosome arrangement in Arabidopsis thaliana is similar in differentiated and meristematic tissues and shows a transient mirror symmetry after nuclear division." Genetics 176(2): 853-863. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409060.

Bhalla, N. and A. F. Dernburg (2008). "Prelude to a division." Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 24: 397-424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18597662.

Blasco, M. A. (2007). "The epigenetic regulation of mammalian telomeres." Nat Rev Genet 8(4): 299-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363977.

Brar, G. A. and A. Amon (2008). "Emerging roles for centromeres in meiosis I chromosome segregation." Nat Rev Genet 9(12): 899-910. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18981989.

Buscaino, A., R. Allshire, et al. (2010). "Building centromeres: home sweet home or a nomadic existence?" Curr Opin Genet Dev 20(2): 118-126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206496.

Carballido-Lopez, R. (2006). "The bacterial actin-like cytoskeleton." Microbiol Mol Biol Rev\ 70\(4\): 888-909\. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158703\.

Carballido-Lopez, R. and J. Errington (2003). "A dynamic bacterial cytoskeleton." Trends Cell Biol 13(11): 577-583. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14573351.

Casacuberta, E., F. A. Marin, et al. (2007). "Intracellular targeting of telomeric retrotransposon Gag proteins of distantly related Drosophila species." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(20): 8391-8396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483480.

Casacuberta, E. and M. L. Pardue (2002). "Coevolution of the telomeric retrotransposons across Drosophila species." Genetics 161(3): 1113-1124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12136015.

Casacuberta, E. and M. L. Pardue (2003). "HeT-A elements in Drosophila virilis: retrotransposon telomeres are conserved across the Drosophila genus." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(24): 14091-14096. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14614149.

Casacuberta, E. and M. L. Pardue (2003). "Transposon telomeres are widely distributed in the Drosophila genus: TART elements in the virilis group." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(6): 3363-3368. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12626755\.

Casola, C., D. Hucks, et al. (2008). "Convergent domestication of pogo-like transposases into centromere-binding proteins in fission yeast and mammals." Mol Biol Evol 25(1): 29-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940212.

Cavalli, G. (2007). "Chromosome kissing." Curr Opin Genet Dev 17(5): 443-450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17933509.

Cayrou, C., P. Coulombe, et al. (2010). "Programming DNA replication origins and chromosome organization." Chromosome Res 18(1): 137-145. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20066560.

Chaconas, G. (2005). "Hairpin telomeres and genome plasticity in Borrelia: all mixed up in the end." Mol Microbiol 58(3): 625-635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16238614.

Chaconas, G. and K. Kobryn (2010). "Structure, Function, and Evolution of Linear Replicons in Borrelia." Annu Rev Microbiol. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20536352.

Chaconas, G., P. E. Stewart, et al. (2001). "Telomere resolution in the Lyme disease spirochete." Embo J\ 20\(12\): 3229-3237\. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11406599\.

Chang, M., J. C. Dittmar, et al. (2011). "Long telomeres are preferentially extended during recombination-mediated telomere maintenance." Nat Struct Mol Biol 18(4): 451-456. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21441915.

Cioffi, M. B., C. Martins, et al. (2010). "Differentiation of the XY sex chromosomes in the fish Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes, Erythrinidae): unusual accumulation of repetitive sequences on the X chromosome." Sex Dev 4(3): 176-185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20502069.

Cortez, D., S. Quevillon-Cheruel, et al. (2010). "Evidence for a Xer/dif system for chromosome resolution in archaea." PLoS Genet 6(10): e1001166. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20975945.

Costas, C., M. de la Paz Sanchez, et al. (2011). "Genome-wide mapping of Arabidopsis thaliana origins of DNA replication and their associated epigenetic marks." Nat Struct Mol Biol 18(3): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21297636.

Costas, C., L. Sanchez Mde, et al. (2011). "Progress in understanding DNA replication control." Plant Sci 181(3): 203-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763530.

Cotobal, C., M. Segurado, et al. (2010). "Structural diversity and dynamics of genomic replication origins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Embo J 29(5): 934-942. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20094030.

Dalgaard, J. Z., T. Eydmann, et al. (2009). "Random and site-specific replication termination." Methods Mol Biol 521: 35-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19563100.

Dalgaard, J. Z. and A. J. Klar (1999). "Orientation of DNA replication establishes mating-type switching pattern in S. pombe." Nature 400(6740): 181-184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10408447.

de Clare, M., P. Pir, et al. (2011). "Haploinsufficiency and the sex chromosomes from yeasts to humans." BMC Biol 9: 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21356089.

De, S. and F. Michor (2011). "DNA replication timing and long-range DNA interactions predict mutational landscapes of cancer genomes." Nat Biotechnol 29(12): 1103-1108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22101487.

Ding, Q. and D. M. MacAlpine (2011). "Defining the replication program through the chromatin landscape." Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 46(2): 165-179. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21417598.

Dubin, M., J. Fuchs, et al. (2010). "Dynamics of a novel centromeric histone variant CenH3 reveals the evolutionary ancestral timing of centromere biogenesis." Nucleic Acids Res 38(21): 7526-7537. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675719.

Duderstadt, K. E., K. Chuang, et al. (2011). "DNA stretching by bacterial initiators promotes replication origin opening." Nature 478(7368): 209-213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964332.

Dueber, E. C., A. Costa, et al. (2011). "Molecular determinants of origin discrimination by Orc1 initiators in archaea." Nucleic Acids Res 39(9): 3621-3631. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21227921.

Duncker, B. P., I. N. Chesnokov, et al. (2009). "The origin recognition complex protein family." Genome Biol 10(3): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19344485.

Dunleavy, E., A. Pidoux, et al. (2005). "Centromeric chromatin makes its mark." Trends Biochem Sci 30(4): 172-175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15817392.

Eaton, M. L., K. Galani, et al. (2010). "Conserved nucleosome positioning defines replication origins." Genes Dev 24(8): 748-753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351051.

Eaton, M. L., J. A. Prinz, et al. (2011). "Chromatin signatures of the Drosophila replication program." Genome Res 21(2): 164-174. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21177973.

Ebersbach, G., A. Briegel, et al. (2008). "A self-associating protein critical for chromosome attachment, division, and\ polar organization in caulobacter." Cell\ 134\(6\): 956-968\. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805089\.

Ebersbach, G. and K. Gerdes (2005). "Plasmid segregation mechanisms." Annu Rev Genet 39: 453-479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285868.

Erickson, H. P. (2007). "Evolution of the cytoskeleton." Bioessays 29(7): 668-677. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563102.

Folco, H. D., A. L. Pidoux, et al. (2008). "Heterochromatin and RNAi are required to establish CENP-A chromatin at centromeres." Science 319(5859): 94-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174443.

Gartenberg, M. R. (2009). "Life on the edge: telomeres and persistent DNA breaks converge at the nuclear periphery." Genes Dev 23(9): 1027-1031. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19417100.

Gent, J. I., K. L. Schneider, et al. (2011). "Distinct influences of tandem repeats and retrotransposons on CENH3 nucleosome positioning." Epigenetics Chromatin 4: 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21352520.

Georgescu, R. E., N. Y. Yao, et al. (2010). "Single-molecule analysis of the Escherichia coli replisome and use of clamps to bypass replication barriers." FEBS Lett 584(12): 2596-2605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20388515.

Gerdes, K., J. Moller-Jensen, et al. (2004). "Bacterial mitotic machineries." Cell 116(3): 359-366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016371.

Ghosh, S., S. Satish, et al. (2003). "Differential use of multiple replication origins in the ribosomal DNA episome of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica." Nucleic Acids Res 31(8): 2035-2044. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12682354.

Gieni, R. S., G. K. Chan, et al. (2008). "Epigenetics regulate centromere formation and kinetochore function." J Cell Biochem 104(6): 2027-2039. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18404676.

Gilbert, D. M. (2002). "Replication timing and transcriptional control: beyond cause and effect." Curr Opin Cell Biol 14(3): 377-383. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067662.

Gilbert, D. M., S. I. Takebayashi, et al. (2010). "Space and time in the nucleus: developmental control of replication timing and chromosome architecture." Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 75: 143-153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139067.

Gladyshev, E. A. and I. R. Arkhipova (2007). "Telomere-associated endonuclease-deficient Penelope-like retroelements in diverse eukaryotes." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(22): 9352-9357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17483479.

Glynn, M., A. Kaczmarczyk, et al. (2010). "Centromeres: assembling and propagating epigenetic function." Subcell Biochem 50: 223-249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012585.

Gomez, M. and F. Antequera (1999). "Organization of DNA replication origins in the fission yeast genome." Embo J 18(20): 5683-5690. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523311.

Gonzalez-Suarez, I. and S. Gonzalo (2008). "Crosstalk between chromatin structure, nuclear compartmentalization, and telomere biology." Cytogenet Genome Res 122(3-4): 202-210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188688.

Gonzalez-Suarez, I. and S. Gonzalo (2010). "Nurturing the genome: A-type lamins preserve genomic stability." Nucleus 1(2): 129-135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21326943.

Gonzalez-Suarez, I., A. B. Redwood, et al. (2009). "Loss of A-type lamins and genomic instability." Cell Cycle 8(23): 3860-3865. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19901537.

Graumann, K., J. Runions, et al. (2010). "Nuclear envelope proteins and their role in nuclear positioning and replication." Biochem Soc Trans\ 38\(3\): 741-746\. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20491659\.

Graumann, P. L. (2007). "Cytoskeletal elements in bacteria." Annu Rev Microbiol 61: 589-618. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506674.

Guse, A., C. W. Carroll, et al. (2011). "In vitro centromere and kinetochore assembly on defined chromatin templates." Nature. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21874020.

Guttinger, S., E. Laurell, et al. (2009). "Orchestrating nuclear envelope disassembly and reassembly during mitosis." Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10(3): 178-191. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19234477.

Hediger, F., F. R. Neumann, et al. (2002). "Live imaging of telomeres: yKu and Sir proteins define redundant telomere-anchoring pathways in yeast." Curr Biol 12(24): 2076-2089. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12498682.

Henikoff, S. (2001). "Chromosomes on the move." Trends Genet 17(12): 689-690. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11718909.

Hernandez-Rivas, R., K. Perez-Toledo, et al. (2010). "Telomeric heterochromatin in Plasmodium falciparum." J Biomed Biotechno 2010: 290501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169127.

Hiratani, I. and D. M. Gilbert (2009). "Replication timing as an epigenetic mark." Epigenetics 4(2): 93-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19242104.

Hiratani, I., S. Takebayashi, et al. (2009). "Replication timing and transcriptional control: beyond cause and effect--part II." Curr Opin Genet Dev 19(2): 142-149. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345088.

Huang, C. H., H. H. Tsai, et al. (2007). "The telomere system of the Streptomyces linear plasmid SCP1 represents a novel class." Mol Microbiol 63(6): 1710-1718. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17367390.

Ishii, K., Y. Ogiyama, et al. (2008). "Heterochromatin integrity affects chromosome reorganization after centromere dysfunction." Science 321(5892): 1088-1091. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719285.

Iwasaki, O., A. Tanaka, et al. (2010). "Centromeric localization of dispersed Pol III genes in fission yeast." Mol Biol Cell 21(2): 254-265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910488.

Jamilena, M., B. Mariotti, et al. (2008). "Plant sex chromosomes: molecular structure and function." Cytogenet Genome Res\ 120(3-4): 255-264. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18504355.

Jayaram, M. (2007). "Split target specificity of ResT: a design for protein delivery, site selectivity and regulation of enzyme activity?" Mol Microbiol 64(3): 575-579. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17462008.

Kagansky, A., H. D. Folco, et al. (2009). "Synthetic heterochromatin bypasses RNAi and centromeric repeats to establish functional centromeres." Science 324(5935): 1716-1719. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556509.

Kanizay, L. and R. K. Dawe (2009). "Centromeres: long intergenic spaces with adaptive features." Funct Integr Genomics 9(3): 287-292. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19434433.

Kawakami, H. and T. Katayama (2010). "DnaA, ORC, and Cdc6: similarity beyond the domains of life and diversity." Biochem Cell Biol 88(1): 49-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20130679.

Kazama, Y. and S. Matsunaga (2008). "The use of repetitive DNA in cytogenetic studies of plant sex chromosomes." Cytogenet Genome Res 120(3-4): 247-254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18504354.

Kejnovsky, E., R. Hobza, et al. (2009). "The role of repetitive DNA in structure and evolution of sex chromosomes in plants." Heredity 102(6): 533-541. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277056.

Khmelinskii, A. and E. Schiebel (2008). "Assembling the spindle midzone in the right place at the right time." Cell Cycle 7(3): 283-286. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18235228.

Kitamura, E., K. Tanaka, et al. (2010). "Kinetochores generate microtubules with distal plus ends: their roles and limited lifetime in mitosis." Dev Cell 18(2): 248-259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20159595.

Kobryn, K., J. Briffotaux, et al. (2009). "Holliday junction formation by the Borrelia burgdorferi telomere resolvase, ResT: implications for the origin of genome linearity." Mol Microbiol 71(5): 1117-1130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19170885.

Kobryn, K., A. B. Burgin, et al. (2005). "Uncoupling the chemical steps of telomere resolution by ResT." J Biol Chem 280(29): 26788-26795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15917226.

Kobryn, K. and G. Chaconas (2001). "The circle is broken: telomere resolution in linear replicons." Curr Opin Microbiol 4(5): 558-564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11587933.

Kobryn, K. and G. Chaconas (2005). "Fusion of hairpin telomeres by the B. burgdorferi telomere resolvase ResT implications for shaping a genome in flux." Mol Cell 17(6): 783-791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15780935.

Lan, G., B. R. Daniels, et al. (2009). "Condensation of FtsZ filaments can drive bacterial cell division." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(1): 121-126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116281.

Letsolo, B. T., J. Rowson, et al. (2010). "Fusion of short telomeres in human cells is characterized by extensive deletion and microhomology, and can result in complex rearrangements." Nucleic Acids Res 38(6): 1841-1852. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20026586.

Lia, G., B. Michel, et al. (2012). "Polymerase exchange during Okazaki fragment synthesis observed in living cells." Science 335(6066): 328-331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194411.

Lowe, J., F. van den Ent, et al. (2004). "Molecules of the bacterial cytoskeleton." Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 33: 177-198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15139810.

Marion, R. M. and M. A. Blasco (2010). "Telomere rejuvenation during nuclear reprogramming." Curr Opin Genet Dev 20(2): 190-196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20176474.

Mason, J. M., R. C. Frydrychova, et al. (2008). "Drosophila telomeres: an exception providing new insights." Bioessays 30(1): 25-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18081009.

Mayer, F. (2003). "Cytoskeletons in prokaryotes." Cell Biol Int 27(5): 429-438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12758091.

Meaburn, K. J., R. F. Newbold, et al. (2008). "Positioning of human chromosomes in murine cell hybrids according to synteny." Chromosoma 117(6): 579-591. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18651158.

Mendell, J. E., K. D. Clements, et al. (2008). "Extreme polyploidy in a large bacterium." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(18): 6730-6734. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18445653.

Mendiburo, M. J., J. Padeken, et al. (2011). "Drosophila CENH3 is sufficient for centromere formation." Science 334(6056): 686-690. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053052.

Moriarty, T. J. and G. Chaconas (2009). "Identification of the determinant conferring permissive substrate usage in the telomere resolvase, ResT." J Biol Chem 284(35): 23293-23301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561077.

Morris, C. A. and D. Moazed (2007). "Centromere assembly and propagation." Cell 128(4): 647-650. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17320502.

Morrish, T. A., J. L. Garcia-Perez, et al. (2007). "Endonuclease-independent LINE-1 retrotransposition at mammalian telomeres." Nature 446(7132): 208-212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17344853.

Muck, J. and D. Zink (2009). "Nuclear organization and dynamics of DNA replication in eukaryotes." Front Biosci 14: 5361-5371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19482618.

Muegge, K. (2005). "Lsh, a guardian of heterochromatin at repeat elements." Biochem Cell Biol 83(4): 548-554. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16094458.

Murray, J. A. (1987). "Bending the rules: the 2-mu plasmid of yeast." Mol Microbiol 1(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3330752.

Myers, R. M., J. Stamatoyannopoulos, et al. (2011). "A user's guide to the encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE)." PLoS Biol 9(4): e1001046. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21526222.

Nagaki, K., P. Neumann, et al. (2005). "Structure, divergence, and distribution of the CRR centromeric retrotransposon family in rice." Mol Biol Evol 22(4): 845-855. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15616142.

Natsume, T. and T. U. Tanaka (2010). "Spatial regulation and organization of DNA replication within the nucleus." Chromosome Res 18(1): 7-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19856119.

Neumann, P., A. Navratilova, et al. (2011). "Plant centromeric retrotransposons: a structural and cytogenetic perspective." Mob DNA 2(1): 4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371312.

Neumann, P., H. Yan, et al. (2007). "The centromeric retrotransposons of rice are transcribed and differentially processed by RNA interference." Genetics 176(2): 749-761. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409063.

Orth, M., B. Mayer, et al. (2011). "Shugoshin is a Mad1/Cdc20-like interactor of Mad2." Embo J 30(14): 2868-2880. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21666598.

Ozaki, S. and T. Katayama (2009). "DnaA structure, function, and dynamics in the initiation at the chromosomal origin." Plasmid 62(2): 71-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19527752.

Page, S. L. and R. S. Hawley (2003). "Chromosome choreography: the meiotic ballet." Science 301(5634): 785-789. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907787.

Pek, J. W. and T. Kai (2011). "Non-coding RNAs enter mitosis: functions, conservation and implications." Cell Div 6: 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21356070.

Petronczki, M., M. F. Siomos, et al. (2003). "Un menage a quatre: the molecular biology of chromosome segregation in meiosis." Cell 112(4): 423-440. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12600308.

Pidoux, A. L. and R. C. Allshire (2005). "The role of heterochromatin in centromere function." Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360(1455): 569-579. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905142.

Pliss, A., K. Malyavantham, et al. (2009). "Chromatin dynamics is correlated with replication timing." Chromosoma\ 118\(4\): 459-470\. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19296120\.

Plohl, M., A. Luchetti, et al. (2008). "Satellite DNAs between selfishness and functionality: structure, genomics and evolution of tandem repeats in centromeric (hetero)chromatin." Gene 409(1-2): 72-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18182173.

Pobiega, S. and S. Marcand (2010). "Dicentric breakage at telomere fusions." Genes Dev 24(7): 720-733. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360388.

Presgraves, D. C. (2008). "Sex chromosomes and speciation in Drosophila." Trends Genet 24(7): 336-343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18514967.

Robinson, N. P. and S. D. Bell (2007). "Extrachromosomal element capture and the evolution of multiple replication origins in archaeal chromosomes." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(14): 5806-5811. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392430.

Rocchi, M., R. Stanyon, et al. (2009). "Evolutionary new centromeres in primates." Prog Mol Subcell Biol 48: 103-152. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19521814.

Rosu, S., D. E. Libuda, et al. (2011). "Robust crossover assurance and regulated interhomolog access maintain meiotic crossover number." Science 334(6060): 1286-1289. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22144627.

Ruiz-Herrera, A., S. G. Nergadze, et al. (2008). "Telomeric repeats far from the ends: mechanisms of origin and role in evolution." Cytogenet Genome Res 122(3-4): 219-228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188690.

Ryba, T., I. Hiratani, et al. (2010). "Evolutionarily conserved replication timing profiles predict long-range chromatin interactions and distinguish closely related cell types." Genome Res 20(6): 761-770. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430782.

Ryba, T., I. Hiratani, et al. (2011). "Replication timing: a fingerprint for cell identity and pluripotency." PLoS Comput Biol 7(10): e1002225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028635.

Sabourin, M. and V. A. Zakian (2008). "ATM-like kinases and regulation of telomerase: lessons from yeast and mammals." Trends Cell Biol 18(7): 337-346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18502129.

Sakuno, T. and Y. Watanabe (2009). "Studies of meiosis disclose distinct roles of cohesion in the core centromere and pericentromeric regions." Chromosome Res 17(2): 239-249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308704.

Salje, J. (2010). "Plasmid segregation: how to survive as an extra piece of DNA." Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 45(4): 296-317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20586577.

Salje, J. and J. Lowe (2008). "Bacterial actin: architecture of the ParMRC plasmid DNA partitioning complex." Embo J 27(16): 2230-2238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650930.

Sanchez, P. and A. Losada (2011). "New clues to understand how CENP-A maintains centromere identity." Cell Div 6(1): 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554702.

Savitsky, M., D. Kwon, et al. (2006). "Telomere elongation is under the control of the RNAi-based mechanism in the Drosophila germline." Genes Dev 20(3): 345-354. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452506.

Schartl, M. (2004). "Sex chromosome evolution in non-mammalian vertebrates." Curr Opin Genet Dev\ 14\(6\): 634-641\. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531158\.

Schoeftner, S. and M. A. Blasco (2009). "A 'higher order' of telomere regulation: telomere heterochromatin and telomeric RNAs." Embo J 28(16): 2323-2336. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19629032.

Schoeftner, S. and M. A. Blasco (2010). "Chromatin regulation and non-coding RNAs at mammalian telomeres." Semin Cell Dev Biol 21(2): 186-193. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815087.

Scott, K. C., S. L. Merrett, et al. (2006). "A heterochromatin barrier partitions the fission yeast centromere into discrete chromatin domains." Curr Biol 16(2): 119-129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16431364.

Seligmann, H. (2011). DNA Replication-Current Advances. H. Seligmann, InTech. .

Shang, W. H., T. Hori, et al. (2010). "Chickens possess centromeres with both extended tandem repeats and short non-tandem-repetitive sequences." Genome Res 20(9): 1219-1228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20534883.

Sharp, J. A. and P. D. Kaufman (2003). "Chromatin proteins are determinants of centromere function." Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 274: 23-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12596903.

Shore, D. and A. Bianchi (2009). "Telomere length regulation: coupling DNA end processing to feedback regulation of telomerase." Embo J 28(16): 2309-2322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19629031.

Smith, J. S., Q. Chen, et al. (2011). "Rudimentary G-quadruplex-based telomere capping in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Nat Struct Mol Biol 18(4): 478-485. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21399640.

Taddei, A., M. R. Gartenberg, et al. (2005). "Multiple pathways tether telomeres and silent chromatin at the nuclear periphery: functional implications for sir-mediated repression." Novartis Found Symp 264: 140-156; discussion 156-165, 227-130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773752.

Taddei, A., G. Van Houwe, et al. (2009). "The functional importance of telomere clustering: global changes in gene expression result from SIR factor dispersion." Genome Res 19(4): 611-625. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19179643.

Takayama, Y. and T. Toda (2010). "Coupling histone homeostasis to centromere integrity via the ubiquitin-proteasome system." Cell Div 5: 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20604974.

Thomson, J. G., Y. Y. Yau, et al. (2009). "ParA resolvase catalyzes site-specific excision of DNA from the Arabidopsis genome." Transgenic Res\ 18(2): 237-248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18704739.

Torras-Llort, M., O. Moreno-Moreno, et al. (2009). "Focus on the centre: the role of chromatin on the regulation of centromere identity and function." Embo J 28(16): 2337-2348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19629040.

Tourand, Y., J. Deneke, et al. (2009). "Characterization and in vitro reaction properties of 19 unique hairpin telomeres from the linear plasmids of the lyme disease spirochete." J Biol Chem 284(11): 7264-7272. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19122193.

van den Ent, F., L. Amos, et al. (2001). "Bacterial ancestry of actin and tubulin." Curr Opin Microbiol 4(6): 634-638. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11731313.

van den Ent, F., L. A. Amos, et al. (2001). "Prokaryotic origin of the actin cytoskeleton." Nature\ 413\(6851\): 39-44\. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544518\.

Verdaasdonk, J. S. and K. Bloom (2011). "Centromeres: unique chromatin structures that drive chromosome segregation." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 12: 320-332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508988.

Verschure, P. J. (2004). "Positioning the genome within the nucleus." Biol Cell 96(8): 569-577. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15519692.

Veyrunes, F., P. D. Waters, et al. (2008). "Bird-like sex chromosomes of platypus imply recent origin of mammal sex chromosomes." Genome Res 18(6): 965-973. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18463302.

Villasante, A., J. P. Abad, et al. (2007). "Centromeres were derived from telomeres during the evolution of the eukaryotic\ chromosome." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\ 104\(25\): 10542-10547\. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17557836\.

Villasante, A., J. P. Abad, et al. (2007). "Drosophila telomeric retrotransposons derived from an ancestral element that was recruited to replace telomerase." Genome Res 17(12): 1909-1918. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989257.

Villasante, A., B. de Pablos, et al. (2008). "Telomere maintenance in Drosophila: rapid transposon evolution at chromosome ends." Cell Cycle 7(14): 2134-2138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635962.

Villasante, A., M. Mendez-Lago, et al. (2007). "The birth of the centromere." Cell Cycle\ 6\(23\): 2872-2876\. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18156801\.

Vogt, E., M. Kirsch-Volders, et al. (2008). "Spindle formation, chromosome segregation and the spindle checkpoint in mammalian oocytes and susceptibility to meiotic error." Mutat Res 651(1-2): 14-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096427.

Vos, L. J., J. K. Famulski, et al. (2006). "How to build a centromere: from centromeric and pericentromeric chromatin to kinetochore assembly." Biochem Cell Biol 84(4): 619-639. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936833.

Wilkins, A. S. and R. Holliday (2009). "The evolution of meiosis from mitosis." Genetics 181(1): 3-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139151.

Wu, C. S., Y. F. Chen, et al. (2011). "Targeted sister chromatid cohesion by sir2." PLoS Genet 7(2): e1002000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304892.

Wu, M., M. Zampini, et al. (2011). "Segrosome assembly at the pliable parH centromere." Nucleic Acids Res 39(12): 5082-5097. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21378121.

Xu, W., J. G. Aparicio, et al. (2006). "Genome-wide mapping of ORC and Mcm2p binding sites on tiling arrays and identification of essential ARS consensus sequences in S. cerevisiae." BMC Genomics 7: 276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17067396.

Yang, C. C., C. H. Huang, et al. (2002). "The terminal proteins of linear Streptomyces chromosomes and plasmids: a novel class of replication priming proteins." Mol Microbiol 43(2): 297-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11985710.

Yang, S. C., N. Rhind, et al. (2010). "Modeling genome-wide replication kinetics reveals a mechanism for regulation of replication timing." Mol Syst Biol 6: 404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739926.

Yeeles, J. T. and K. J. Marians (2011). "The Escherichia coli replisome is inherently DNA damage tolerant." Science 334(6053): 235-238. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998391.

Zhou, Z., H. Feng, et al. (2011). "Structural basis for recognition of centromere histone variant CenH3 by the chaperone Scm3." Nature 472(7342): 234-237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412236.